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The Born-Haber Cycle02:44

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Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
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When very thin cylindrical tubes, called capillaries, are dipped in a liquid, the liquid rises or falls in the tube compared to the surrounding liquid. This phenomenon is called capillary action. Capillary action occurs due to the combination of two opposing forces: the cohesive forces of the liquid, which cause it to stick to itself and form a rounded shape, and the adhesive forces between the liquid and the walls of the container, which cause the liquid to be attracted to the container walls.
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As with waves on a string, the speed of sound or a mechanical wave in a fluid depends on the fluid's elastic modulus and inertia. The two relevant physical quantities are the bulk modulus and the density of the material. Indeed, it turns out that the relationship between speed and the bulk modulus and density in fluids is the same as that between the speed and the Young's modulus and density in solids.
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High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Introduction01:11

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High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC), formerly referred to as High-pressure liquid chromatography, is a powerful technique used to separate, identify, and quantify components in complex mixtures. The term "high pressure" refers to using high pressure to push the liquid mobile phase through the tightly packed columns.
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High-performance liquid chromatography, or HPLC, is an analytical technique that separates liquid samples under high pressures. An HPLC instrument consists of glass bottles for storing solvents called mobile phase reservoirs. HPLC-grade solvents are used to maintain high purity, and the dissolved gases are removed using a degasser, such as a vacuum pumping system or sparging with helium. The solvents are then pumped into the analytical column using a screw-driven syringe or reciprocating pumps.
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Liquid biopsy in tissue-born lymphomas.

Valeria Spina1, Davide Rossi1

  • 1Haematology, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland / Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland.

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|January 24, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Liquid biopsy offers a promising, noninvasive method for assessing lymphoma genetics and treatment response. This technique aids in monitoring disease progression and relapse, especially when traditional methods fall short.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Genetics
  • Hematology

Background:

  • Personalized medicine relies heavily on genetic information for lymphoma treatment, risk stratification, and monitoring.
  • Liquid biopsy is an emerging noninvasive technique that provides real-time, tumor-specific genetic profiling.
  • Current lymphoma assessment methods, like positron emission tomography, have limitations, and minimal residual disease detection is challenging in certain lymphoma subtypes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the applications of liquid biopsy in assessing tumor burden and response to therapy in lymphomas.
  • To explore the use of liquid biopsy for noninvasive genomic profiling.
  • To summarize the role of liquid biopsy in monitoring clonal dynamics in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and classic Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

Main Methods:

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  • Literature review focusing on studies evaluating liquid biopsy in lymphoma.
  • Analysis of liquid biopsy's utility in tumor genetic assessment, response monitoring, and relapse detection.
  • Comparison of liquid biopsy with standard diagnostic and monitoring techniques.

Main Results:

  • Liquid biopsy reliably reflects the comprehensive tumor genetic profile, offering advantages over standard methods.
  • It shows promise for genetic assessment, response monitoring, and relapse detection in lymphomas.
  • Challenges in minimal residual disease detection for certain lymphoma subtypes may be overcome by liquid biopsy.

Conclusions:

  • Liquid biopsy is a valuable tool for personalized medicine in lymphomas, enhancing genetic assessment and treatment monitoring.
  • Its noninvasive nature and real-time insights make it a promising alternative for managing diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and classic Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
  • Further research is warranted to fully integrate liquid biopsy into routine clinical practice for lymphoma management.