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Understanding the Learning Disabilities Linked to Sagittal Craniosynostosis
Raysa Cabrejo1, Cheryl Lacadie2, Eric Brooks1
1Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery, Yale Medical School.
The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery
|January 25, 2019
Summary
Children with sagittal nonsyndromic craniosynostosis (sNSC) show distinct brain connectivity patterns compared to those with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). These differences highlight unique neurocognitive profiles in sNSC, impacting visual processing and attention.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Developmental Pediatrics
- Cognitive Science
Background:
- Sagittal nonsyndromic craniosynostosis (sNSC) is a condition involving premature fusion of skull sutures.
- Neurocognitive deficits are observed in sNSC, with potential overlap in learning difficulties with conditions like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate similarities and differences in neurocognitive deficits between adolescents with corrected sNSC and those with ADHD.
- To characterize the specific neural connectivity patterns associated with sNSC and compare them to ADHD.
Main Methods:
- Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to study three groups of adolescents: 10 with sNSC, 10 with ADHD, and 10 controls.
- fMRI data were analyzed using Statistical Parametric Mapping and BioImageSuite software.
Main Results:
- Adolescents with ADHD exhibited lower connectivity in Brodmann areas (BA) 11, 20, and 21 compared to sNSC and control groups.
- Adolescents with sNSC showed unique visuospatial deficits due to decreased connectivity in areas related to visual processing (BA31, BA7, BA19, visual association cortex, primary visual cortex).
Conclusions:
- Patients with sNSC and ADHD have distinct neural connectivity profiles.
- sNSC is associated with reduced connectivity in visual processing areas and potentially increased connectivity in attention/auditory areas compared to ADHD.
- Children with sNSC may experience learning difficulties that share similarities with, yet differ from, those seen in ADHD.
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