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Related Concept Videos

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Habitat Fragmentation

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Habitat fragmentation describes the division of a more extensive, continuous habitat into smaller, discontinuous areas. Human activities such as land conversion, as well as slower geological processes leading to changes in the physical environment, are the two leading causes of habitat fragmentation. The fragmentation process typically follows the same steps: perforation, dissection, fragmentation, shrinkage, and attrition.
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A solution containing appreciable amounts of a weak conjugate acid-base pair is called a buffer solution, or a buffer. Buffer solutions resist a change in pH when small amounts of a strong acid or a strong base are added. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate is an example of a buffer that consists of a weak acid and its salt: CH3COOH (aq) + CH3COONa (aq). An example of a buffer that consists of a weak base and its salt is a solution of ammonia and ammonium chloride: NH3 (aq) + NH4Cl...
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Buffers: Buffer Capacity01:09

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Buffer capacity is the quantitative measure of a buffer to resist the change in pH. As shown in the following equation, the buffer capacity, denoted by 'beta', is expressed as the number of moles of acid or base needed to change the pH of a one-liter buffer solution by 1 unit. Here, Ca and Cb indicate the number of moles of acid and base, respectively. Note that dpH represents the change in pH.
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Buffer solutions do not have an unlimited capacity to keep the pH relatively constant . Instead, the ability of a buffer solution to resist changes in pH relies on the presence of appreciable amounts of its conjugate weak acid-base pair. When enough strong acid or base is added to substantially lower the concentration of either member of the buffer pair, the buffering action within the solution is compromised.
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The “tree of life” describes the evolution of life and the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The root of the tree is the common ancestor to all life on Earth. All other species radiate from this point, much like the branches of a tree. The numerous tips of these branches on the tree of life represent every living, or extant, species. Extinct species, which are species that no longer exist, can be found towards the center of the tree. Currently, these organisms, both...
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A buffer can prevent a sudden drop or increase in the pH of a solution after the addition of a strong acid or base up to its buffering capacity; however, such addition of a strong acid or base does result in the slight pH change of the solution. The small pH change can be calculated by determining the resulting change in the concentration of buffer components, i.e., a weak acid and its conjugate base or vice versa. The concentrations obtained using these stoichiometric calculations can be used...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Methods of Soil Resampling to Monitor Changes in the Chemical Concentrations of Forest Soils
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Urban forest fragments buffer trees from warming and pests.

Lawrence C Long1, Vincent D'Amico2, Steven D Frank1

  • 1Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.

The Science of the Total Environment
|January 26, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Urban forest fragments offer cooler temperatures, reducing gloomy scale (Melanaspis tenebricosa) pest outbreaks on red maple trees. This temperature effect, not tree stress, mitigates pest damage in urban environments.

Keywords:
Forest fragmentsHerbivoryScale insectsTreesUrban heat island effectWarming

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Area of Science:

  • Urban ecology
  • Forestry
  • Entomology

Background:

  • Urbanization and rising temperatures exacerbate insect pest problems in city trees.
  • Urban forest fragments may mitigate negative urban impacts.
  • Gloomy scale (Melanaspis tenebricosa) is a pest of red maple (Acer rubrum) that thrives with urban heat.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test if urban forest fragments are cooler than ornamental landscapes.
  • To determine if cooler temperatures in fragments reduce gloomy scale (M. tenebricosa) infestation.
  • To investigate the role of temperature versus tree stress in pest abundance.

Main Methods:

  • Observational and manipulative field experiments comparing forest fragments and ornamental landscapes.
  • Measuring tree temperature and M. tenebricosa density across different urban sites.
  • Using potted trees to isolate the effect of temperature from other factors like soil.

Main Results:

  • Trees in forest fragments were 1.3°C cooler and had significantly lower M. tenebricosa densities than those in ornamental landscapes in Raleigh, NC.
  • No significant difference in M. tenebricosa density was found in cooler, northern cities (Newark, DE; Philadelphia, PA).
  • Controlled experiments confirmed temperature, not tree water stress, as the primary driver of M. tenebricosa abundance.

Conclusions:

  • Urban forest fragments provide a thermal buffer, reducing pest pressure on trees.
  • Temperature-driven pest dynamics observed in warmer cities can predict future trends in cooler regions under climate warming.