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Related Concept Videos

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Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
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Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but...
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Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
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Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

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Intravenous (IV) infusion is often utilized when continuous and controlled drug delivery is necessary, such as during surgery or in the treatment of chronic diseases. This method offers numerous advantages, including immediate drug action, precise control over dosage, and bypassing the first-pass metabolism.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Studying the Hypothalamic Insulin Signal to Peripheral Glucose Intolerance with a Continuous Drug Infusion System into the Mouse Brain
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Insulin-Based Infusion System: Preliminary Study.

Nasseh Hashemi1,2, Tim Valk3, Kim Houlind2,4

  • 11 School of Medicine and Health, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.

Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology
|January 26, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new closed-loop glucose control system, the insulin balanced infusion system (IBIS), effectively stabilized blood glucose levels in diabetic patients. This technology shows promise for improving glucose management in critical care settings.

Keywords:
automated glucose monitoringclosed-loop glucose controlcritical care glucose controlglucose stabilization trial

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Endocrinology
  • Critical Care Medicine

Background:

  • Optimal glucose control is crucial in critical care settings.
  • Patient glucose levels in critical care often exhibit significant variability and hypoglycemia.
  • Current sensing and treatment technologies are inadequate for precise glucose management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the performance of the insulin balanced infusion system (IBIS), a closed-loop glucose control system.
  • To assess the system's ability to maintain glucose stability in patients with type 1 and insulin-requiring type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Main Methods:

  • The IBIS utilizes a closed-loop system with a controller, syringe pumps, and a capillary glucose sensor for intravenous insulin and dextrose infusion.
  • System performance was evaluated based on glucose stability under various conditions in 15 diabetic patients.
  • An adaptive algorithm adjusted treatment modalities based on frequent intermittent capillary glucose measurements without nursing intervention.

Main Results:

  • The IBIS successfully achieved target glucose concentrations (80-125 mg/dl) from hyperglycemic levels within 2.49 hours.
  • The mean glucose concentration was 105.2 mg/dl with a standard deviation of 11.5 mg/dl.
  • Preliminary studies demonstrated noticeable results, indicating system improvements.

Conclusions:

  • The prototype closed-loop glucose control system demonstrated promising results in preliminary studies.
  • The IBIS shows potential for enhancing glucose management in critical care.
  • Further studies are warranted to optimize and validate the system.