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Locus of control describes how individuals perceive the causes of events in their lives, influencing motivation and well-being. Introduced by Julian Rotter in 1954, it is categorized into internal and external locus of control.Internal Locus of ControlIndividuals with an internal locus of control believe their actions determine outcomes, fostering responsibility, self-efficacy, and motivation. For example, an employee may attribute career success to hard work. Research links this mindset to...
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The construction of a root locus involves several key steps to analyze and visualize the behavior of a system's poles with varying gain. The number of branches in the root locus equals the number of closed-loop poles and is symmetrical about the real axis.
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The root locus method is an invaluable tool for analyzing higher-order systems without needing to factor the denominator of the transfer function. A pole of the system is identified when the characteristic polynomial in the transfer function's denominator equals zero.
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Multiple QTL underlie milk phenotypes at the CSF2RB locus.

Thomas J Lopdell1,2, Kathryn Tiplady3, Christine Couldrey3

  • 1Research and Development, Livestock Improvement Corporation, Ruakura Road, Hamilton, New Zealand. Thomas.Lopdell@lic.co.nz.

Genetics, Selection, Evolution : GSE
|January 26, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Researchers identified significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) for milk production in dairy cows. The CSF2RB gene was strongly implicated, showing genetic impacts on gene expression and RNA editing related to milk yield and composition.

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Area of Science:

  • Animal Genetics
  • Dairy Science
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Artificial selection has improved cow milk production, but underlying genes for quantitative trait loci (QTL) are poorly understood.
  • This study focuses on a specific QTL at the CSF2RB locus on chromosome 5 to investigate its role in milk production phenotypes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize genetic factors influencing milk yield and composition in dairy cows.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying milk production QTL at the CSF2RB locus.

Main Methods:

  • Association analyses were performed on a large population of dairy cows (n=29,350) for milk yield and composition traits.
  • Gene expression data (eQTL) were analyzed for 11 genes within the QTL region.
  • RNA editing sites in CSF2RB transcripts were identified and analyzed for their association with lactation QTL.

Main Results:

  • Highly significant QTL for milk yield, milk fat, and milk protein concentration were identified.
  • Genetic impacts on CSF2RB and NCF4 gene expression were linked to lactation QTL.
  • 38 novel RNA editing sites in CSF2RB were discovered, with two showing genetic co-regulation with lactation QTL.

Conclusions:

  • The CSF2RB locus exhibits diverse molecular and lactation QTL, suggesting multiple overlapping genetic effects.
  • The CSF2RB gene is strongly implicated as having a causal role in milk production traits in dairy cows.