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Adhesion01:14

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Adhesion occurs when one type of molecule is attracted to a different molecule. Water exhibits adhesive properties in the presence of polar surfaces, such as glass or cellulose in plants. For instance, when water is poured into a glass, the positively charged hydrogen molecules of water are more attracted to the negatively charged oxygen molecules in the silica than to the oxygen in neighboring water molecules.
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Plants have rigid cell walls that are made up of cell wall polysaccharides that mediate cell-cell adhesion. The primary cell walls of plants consist of two independent and interacting polysaccharide networks: a pectin matrix that embeds the second network comprising cellulose and hemicelluloses.
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Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules or Ig-CAMs are a versatile group of cell surface glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin protein superfamily. Ig-CAMs possess the characteristic immunoglobulin protein domains and other domains such as the fibronectin type III domain. The Ig domains are glycosylated to varying degrees in different Ig-CAMs.
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There are numerous types of normal and abnormal respiration. Based on ventilatory movements, breathing patterns are classified as regular, deep, or shallow. Examples include Biot's breathing, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, Kussmaul's breathing, hyperventilation, and hypoventilation. Each pattern is clinically significant and aids in evaluating patients.
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A RANKL-based Osteoclast Culture Assay of Mouse Bone Marrow to Investigate the Role of mTORC1 in Osteoclast Formation
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L-caldesmon alters cell spreading and adhesion force in RANKL-induced osteoclasts.

Chu-Lung Chan1, Jiann-Yeu Chen2, Ming-Chih Shih3

  • 1Department of Life Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan.

Journal of Biomedical Science
|January 26, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Non-muscle caldesmon (l-CaD) regulates osteoclast formation by remodeling the actin cytoskeleton. Increased l-CaD enhances osteoclast fusion and bone resorption, while decreased levels inhibit these processes.

Keywords:
Atomic force microscopyCell fusionNon-muscle caldesmon (l-CaD)OsteoclastogenesisSealing zoneTRAP activity

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Bone Biology

Background:

  • Osteoclasts (OCs) are crucial for bone remodeling, deriving from monocyte-macrophage progenitors through osteoclastogenesis.
  • OCs resorb bone matrix by forming a sealing zone rich in actin, essential for bone strength.
  • The role of non-muscle caldesmon (l-CaD) in osteoclastogenesis and actin remodeling is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the function of l-CaD in regulating osteoclastogenesis and cell fusion.
  • To determine how l-CaD influences actin cytoskeletal remodeling and mechanical properties during osteoclast formation.

Main Methods:

  • RAW264.7 murine macrophages were manipulated for l-CaD overexpression and gene silencing.
  • Cells were induced with RANKL to promote osteoclastogenesis.
  • TRAP activity, actin ring formation, mineral substrate resorption, cell fusion index, and mechanical properties (cell spreading, adhesion force) were assessed.

Main Results:

  • l-CaD overexpression significantly increased TRAP activity, actin ring formation, and mineral substrate resorption.
  • Gene silencing of l-CaD reduced osteoclastogenesis potential and resorption.
  • l-CaD modulation affected cell fusion index by 13% (overexpression) and 24% (silencing).
  • Atomic force microscopy revealed altered cell spreading and adhesion force with l-CaD manipulation.

Conclusions:

  • l-CaD is a key regulator of actin cytoskeletal remodeling in osteoclasts.
  • l-CaD influences the formation of the actin ring structure at the cell periphery.
  • Altered mechanical properties of cell spreading and adhesion force due to l-CaD facilitate multinucleated OC formation.