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Human cryptosporidiosis.

F G Crawford1, S H Vermund

  • 1Department of Community Medicine, Mt. Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York.

Critical Reviews in Microbiology
|January 1, 1988
PubMed
Summary

Cryptosporidium is a common enteric pathogen causing diarrhea, especially in children. While often self-limiting, it can be severe in immunocompromised individuals, with no effective treatment currently available.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Parasitology

Background:

  • Cryptosporidium, an enteric protozoan, was first identified in humans in 1976.
  • Its recognition increased significantly with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related infections and improved diagnostic methods.
  • This parasite is a major cause of enteric illness in children in warm climates, accounting for 5-15% of pathogens.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and transmission of Cryptosporidium infections in humans.
  • To highlight the challenges in diagnosis and the lack of effective treatments.
  • To discuss the impact of Cryptosporidium on different patient populations, including immunocompetent individuals, children, and immunosuppressed adults.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of Cryptosporidium epidemiology and clinical studies.
  • Analysis of diagnostic advancements and their impact on prevalence data.
  • Examination of transmission routes, including person-to-person and daycare settings.

Main Results:

  • Cryptosporidium causes both endemic and epidemic enteric diseases, with strong evidence for person-to-person transmission.
  • Illness ranges from asymptomatic infection to severe dehydration, malabsorption, and failure-to-thrive in children.
  • Severe, intractable diarrhea can be fatal in immunosuppressed adults; however, its frequency in HIV-infected individuals is declining.

Conclusions:

  • Cryptosporidium remains a significant public health concern, particularly in vulnerable populations.
  • Despite improved diagnostics, effective treatments are still lacking, necessitating ongoing research and clinical trials.
  • Understanding transmission dynamics is crucial for controlling outbreaks in community and healthcare settings.

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