Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 30, 2026
07:04
Identifying PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors with Surface Plasmon Resonance Technology
Published on: May 2, 2025
1.1K
Nuclear localization of PD-L1: artifact or reality?
Hara Polioudaki1, Amanda Chantziou1, Konstantina Kalyvianaki2
1Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes, 71013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
Cellular Oncology (Dordrecht, Netherlands)
|January 26, 2019
Summary
Nuclear localization of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) may be an experimental artifact. Proper immunocytochemical techniques are crucial for accurate cancer cell analysis and targeted therapy, ensuring reliable PD-L1 expression data.
Area of Science:
- Immunology
- Oncology
- Cell Biology
Background:
- Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a key immune checkpoint protein.
- PD-L1's plasma membrane localization is crucial for anti-PD-L1/PD-1 therapy response.
- Reported cytoplasmic and nuclear PD-L1 localization may impact treatment efficacy.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the potential artifactual nature of nuclear PD-L1 localization.
- To determine optimal experimental conditions for accurate PD-L1 localization studies.
- To ensure reliable diagnostic and therapeutic strategies based on PD-L1 expression.
Main Methods:
- Immunocytochemical studies on untreated and chemotherapeutically treated breast cancer cells.
- Evaluation of PD-L1 localization under varying experimental conditions.
- Comparison of PD-L1 localization with other membrane proteins like CD24.
Main Results:
- Nuclear PD-L1 localization may result from inadequate immunocytochemical protocols.
- Mild detergent and rigorous fixation preserve membrane localization and prevent translocation.
- Artifactual nuclear localization was observed for PD-L1 and CD24.
Conclusions:
- Rigorous and standardized immunocytochemical protocols are essential for accurate PD-L1 assessment.
- Proper techniques prevent erroneous translocation of membrane proteins.
- Standardized diagnostics are critical for individualized cancer treatment.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
01:46Nuclear Localization Signals and Import
7.8K
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry short stretches of amino acid sequences called the nuclear localization signal or NLS. Classical nuclear localization signals are of two types: monopartite and bipartite NLS. Monopartite classical NLS (cNLS) consists of a single cluster of 4-8 amino acids. Bipartite cNLS consists of two clusters of 2-3 amino acids and a 9-12 residue long proline-rich linker bridging the two clusters. Signal clusters are rich in positively charged amino acids such as...
7.8K
03:18Nuclear Stability
23.2K
Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
To hold positively charged protons together...
To hold positively charged protons together...
23.2K
02:45Nuclear Fusion
33.8K
The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
A helium nucleus has a mass that is 0.7% less than that of four hydrogen nuclei; this lost mass is converted into energy during the fusion. This reaction produces about...
A helium nucleus has a mass that is 0.7% less than that of four hydrogen nuclei; this lost mass is converted into energy during the fusion. This reaction produces about...
33.8K
01:29Non-nuclear Inheritance
23.2K
Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.
23.2K
01:26PD Controller: Design
653
In automotive engineering, car suspension systems often employ Proportional Derivative (PD) controllers to enhance performance. PD controllers are utilized to adjust the damping force in response to road conditions. A controller, acting as an amplifier with a constant gain, demonstrates proportional control, with output directly mirroring input.
Designing a continuous-data controller requires selecting and linking components like adders and integrators, which are fundamental in Proportional,...
Designing a continuous-data controller requires selecting and linking components like adders and integrators, which are fundamental in Proportional,...
653
02:31Nuclear Export of mRNA
8.8K
Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
8.8K