Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

15.1K
Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
15.1K
Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation03:12

Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation

40.0K
Boiling Point Elevation
The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to ambient atmospheric pressure. Since the vapor pressure of a solution is lowered due to the presence of nonvolatile solutes, it stands to reason that the solution’s boiling point will subsequently be increased. Vapor pressure increases with temperature, and so a solution will require a higher temperature than will pure solvent to achieve any given vapor pressure, including one...
40.0K
Steps in the Modeling Process01:14

Steps in the Modeling Process

672
Albert Bandura's theory of observational learning identifies four critical processes: attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement or motivation.
Attention is the first necessary component for observational learning. It involves focusing on what the model is doing and saying. For example, if you decide to take a drawing class to enhance your skills, you need to pay close attention to the instructor's words and hand movements. The characteristics of the model significantly...
672
Bulk Modulus01:21

Bulk Modulus

756
The bulk modulus is a scientific term used to describe a material's resistance to uniform compression. It is the proportionality constant that links a change in pressure to the resulting relative volume change.
756
Bulk Density of Aggregate01:22

Bulk Density of Aggregate

1.2K
Bulk density refers to the mass of aggregate particles that would fill a unit volume. The concept of bulk density originates from the inability to pack aggregate particles in a manner that completely eliminates void spaces. Hence, the term bulk refers to the volume that encompasses both the aggregates and the voids. This measurement is crucial when aggregates are batched by volume and is used to convert quantities by mass to volume.
Most natural mineral aggregates, like sand and gravel,...
1.2K
Dry Friction01:30

Dry Friction

977
Dry friction occurs between two solid surfaces in contact as they attempt to move relative to one another. In daily life, dry friction is encountered in various forms, such as when walking on the ground, sliding an object across a table, or rubbing hands together. Despite its ubiquity, the underlying mechanisms behind dry friction are not readily visible.
To illustrate this concept, imagine a wooden crate resting on a rough, non-uniform horizontal surface. When an external force is applied to...
977

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Stability of frozen protein drug substances across concentration ranges: Case studies on the impact of formulation and freezing processes.

Journal of pharmaceutical sciences·2026
Same author

Critical Needs and Opportunities for Advanced Manufacturing of Lyophilized Injectables.

Pharmaceutical research·2025
Same author

Comparative Analysis of mRNA Degradation Kinetics Using Chromatographic and Electrophoretic Methods.

Molecular pharmaceutics·2025
Same author

Freeze-thaw of pharmaceutical solutions: counter-intuitive finding of an increase in mechanical stress between Tg" and Tg' in frozen sucrose/water mixtures.

Journal of pharmaceutical sciences·2025
Same author

Correction: Practical Advice on Scientific Design of Freeze-Drying Process: 2023 Update.

Pharmaceutical research·2024
Same author

Mechanical Characterization of Vial Strain During Freezing and Thawing Operations Using Amorphous Excipients.

Journal of pharmaceutical sciences·2024
Same journal

Green, renewable, or low-carbon? A framework for informed solvent selection in pharmaceutical sciences.

Journal of pharmaceutical sciences·2026
Same journal

Theranostic potential of ramucirumab functionalized magnetoliposomes for targeted delivery of sorafenib and MRI.

Journal of pharmaceutical sciences·2026
Same journal

Intranasal mucoadhesive chitosan microspheres of ranolazine: Formulation, design, and pharmacokinetic evaluation.

Journal of pharmaceutical sciences·2026
Same journal

Evolving landscape of drug development for pediatric rare diseases-from successes to strategies for addressing unmet needs.

Journal of pharmaceutical sciences·2026
Same journal

A mathematical framework for predicting tablet weight variability from blend particle size distribution and tooling geometry.

Journal of pharmaceutical sciences·2026
Same journal

Recrystallization can stop nitrosamine formation in ranitidine hydrochloride.

Journal of pharmaceutical sciences·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Author Spotlight: Process Development for the Spray-Drying of Probiotic Bacteria and Evaluation of the Product Quality
05:45

Author Spotlight: Process Development for the Spray-Drying of Probiotic Bacteria and Evaluation of the Product Quality

Published on: April 7, 2023

4.3K

Bulk Dynamic Spray Freeze-Drying Part 2: Model-Based Parametric Study for Spray-Freezing Process Characterization.

Israel B Sebastião1, Bakul Bhatnagar2, Serguei Tchessalov2

  • 1Purdue University, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907; Pfizer Inc., BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andover, Massachusetts 01810.

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
|January 26, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Spray freeze-drying uses a validated model to predict optimal freezing distances for submillimeter particles. Key parameters like gas temperature and droplet size are crucial for preventing agglomeration in this evolving powder production technology.

Keywords:
freeze-dryinglyophilizationmathematical model(s)quality by design (QBD)spray freeze-dryingsucrose

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Development of Simplified CRISPR-Based Tests for Rapid Detection of Infectious Diseases
10:16

Author Spotlight: Development of Simplified CRISPR-Based Tests for Rapid Detection of Infectious Diseases

Published on: August 16, 2024

2.1K
Formulations for Freeze-drying of Bacteria and Their Influence on Cell Survival
08:55

Formulations for Freeze-drying of Bacteria and Their Influence on Cell Survival

Published on: August 3, 2013

24.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Author Spotlight: Process Development for the Spray-Drying of Probiotic Bacteria and Evaluation of the Product Quality
05:45

Author Spotlight: Process Development for the Spray-Drying of Probiotic Bacteria and Evaluation of the Product Quality

Published on: April 7, 2023

4.3K
Author Spotlight: Development of Simplified CRISPR-Based Tests for Rapid Detection of Infectious Diseases
10:16

Author Spotlight: Development of Simplified CRISPR-Based Tests for Rapid Detection of Infectious Diseases

Published on: August 16, 2024

2.1K
Formulations for Freeze-drying of Bacteria and Their Influence on Cell Survival
08:55

Formulations for Freeze-drying of Bacteria and Their Influence on Cell Survival

Published on: August 3, 2013

24.3K

Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Technology
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Spray freeze-drying combines spray-drying and lyophilization for producing free-flowing powders.
  • Submillimeter spray-frozen particles offer reduced drying and reconstitution times.
  • Particle formation is critical, influencing final product properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To understand the role of controllable parameters in the spray-freezing process.
  • To predict the minimum freezing distance required to prevent droplet coalescence.
  • To map operational limits of spray-freezing column apparatus.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a previously validated mathematical model for spray-freezing.
  • Conducted a parametric study on controllable process variables.
  • Performed model simulations to analyze heat transfer and freezing behavior.

Main Results:

  • Convection accounts for at least 80% of total droplet heat transfer.
  • Freezing column gas temperature significantly impacts freezing distance.
  • Droplet diameter is another critical parameter affecting freezing distance.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides insights into optimizing spray freeze-drying parameters.
  • Understanding freezing distance is key to controlling particle properties.
  • Gas temperature and droplet size are primary drivers for efficient spray freezing.