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Multiprotein signaling complexes are formed in a dynamic process involving protein-protein interactions at the cytoplasmic domain of transmembrane receptors or enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins associated with the receptor. These complexes ensure the activation and propagation of intracellular signals that regulate cell functions.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Direct Delivery of MIF Morpholinos Into the Zebrafish Otocyst by Injection and Electroporation Affects Inner Ear Development
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Evolving complexity of MIF signaling.

Stanislovas S Jankauskas1, Dickson W L Wong1, Richard Bucala2

  • 1Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.

Cellular Signalling
|January 26, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and its homolog D-DT are involved in numerous diseases. This review details their expression, regulation, signaling pathways, and roles in conditions like heart and kidney disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pleiotropic cytokine expressed across diverse cell types.
  • Altered MIF expression is linked to inflammatory disorders, organ pathologies (heart, kidney), and malignancies.
  • D-dopachrome tautomerase (D-DT), a MIF homolog, exhibits overlapping functions, adding complexity to MIF signaling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of MIF and D-DT expression and regulation.
  • To elucidate the downstream signaling pathways activated by MIF/D-DT.
  • To discuss the pathological roles of MIF/D-DT in various tissues, with a focus on the heart and kidney.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on MIF, D-DT, and their receptors.
  • Analysis of signaling pathways including ERK1/2, AMPK, and AKT.
  • Examination of MIF/D-DT interactions with intracellular proteins like CSN5, p53, and TXNIP.

Main Results:

  • MIF and D-DT exert autocrine and paracrine effects via receptors CD74/CD44, CXCR2, CXCR4, and CXCR7.
  • Differential receptor expression leads to varied cellular and tissue responses.
  • MIF/D-DT signaling impacts multiple cellular processes and contributes to disease pathogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • MIF and D-DT are critical regulators in various physiological and pathological processes.
  • Understanding MIF/D-DT signaling is crucial for developing therapeutic strategies for associated diseases.
  • Further research into MIF/D-DT pathways, particularly in cardiac and renal contexts, is warranted.