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Related Concept Videos

Leaving Groups02:14

Leaving Groups

9.7K
The nature of leaving groups strongly influences the outcome of a nucleophilic substitution reaction.
In general, in a nucleophilic substitution reaction, a nucleophile displaces a functional group, called the leaving group, from the substrate to give a substituted product. A leaving group departs the substrate molecule through heterolytic cleavage, taking the pair of electrons with it to become a relatively stable weak base in the form of an anion or a neutral molecule.  
In a...
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Drug Biotransformation: Overview01:16

Drug Biotransformation: Overview

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Pharmaceutical substances known as xenobiotics are predominantly lipophilic and nonionized. This enables them to permeate lipid bilayers, such as cell membranes, and interact with intracellular target receptors. Lipophilic drugs have an advantage in crossing biological barriers and reaching their intended sites of action. However, lipophilic drugs often have a restricted capacity for renal expulsion or elimination from the body. When these drugs enter the kidneys and undergo glomerular...
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Drug Biotransformation: Overview01:28

Drug Biotransformation: Overview

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Biotransformation, also known as drug metabolism, is a vital physiological process that chemically alters drugs, facilitating their elimination from the body and terminating their action. This process involves two main phases: phase I and phase II reactions. Phase I reactions, including oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis, introduce or unmask polar functional groups on the drug molecule, thereby increasing its water solubility. By enhancing water solubility, the drug becomes more hydrophilic...
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Factors Affecting Drug Biotransformation: Biological01:19

Factors Affecting Drug Biotransformation: Biological

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Biological factors significantly impact drug metabolism, influencing drug clearance, efficacy, and potential toxicity.
Species differences: Variations in enzyme systems across species can cause disparities in drug metabolism. For instance, humans may metabolize certain drugs faster than rodents, altering therapeutic effects.
Strain differences: Genetic variations within a species can result in differing enzyme activity, impacting drug response and toxicity. For example, some mouse strains may...
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Buoyancy and Stability for Submerged and Floating Bodies01:11

Buoyancy and Stability for Submerged and Floating Bodies

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In fluid mechanics, buoyancy and stability are key concepts for understanding the behavior of submerged and floating bodies. When a stationary body is fully or partially submerged in a fluid, the fluid exerts a force on the body known as the buoyant force. This force acts vertically upward through a point called the center of buoyancy, which is the center of the displaced fluid volume. According to Archimedes' principle, the magnitude of the buoyant force is equal to the weight of the fluid...
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Factors Affecting Drug Biotransformation: Physicochemical and Chemical Properties of Drugs01:21

Factors Affecting Drug Biotransformation: Physicochemical and Chemical Properties of Drugs

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A drug's physicochemical properties fundamentally influence its metabolism. For instance, a drug's molecular size and shape critically determine its interaction with enzymes and transporters — larger drugs may face difficulty reaching enzyme active sites, altering their metabolic pathways. The pKa of a drug, which establishes its ionization state, can impact its solubility and absorption, thereby influencing metabolism.
The drug's acidity or basicity is essential in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Assessing the Particulate Matter Removal Abilities of Tree Leaves
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Selenium removal and biotransformation in a floating-leaved macrophyte system.

Chuanqi Zhou1, Jung-Chen Huang1, Fang Liu1

  • 1School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China.

Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)
|January 27, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Constructed wetlands effectively remove selenium (Se), with plants and sediment accumulating the majority. Selenium

Keywords:
BioremediationConstructed wetlandSeleniumSpeciationTrophic transfer

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Ecotoxicology
  • Bioremediation

Background:

  • Selenium (Se) is essential but toxic, requiring careful management in aquatic systems.
  • Constructed wetlands offer a potential solution for selenium removal and risk mitigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate selenium removal efficiency in a constructed wetland.
  • To assess the ecological risks associated with selenium in this system.

Main Methods:

  • A floating-leaved macrophyte system with three trophic levels was established.
  • Selenium concentrations and speciation were analyzed over 21 days using X-ray absorption spectroscopy.

Main Results:

  • The system reduced water selenium by 40.40%, with 24.03% in plants and 74.41% in sediment.
  • Plant roots showed the highest Se levels, while stems held the most total Se.
  • Organo-selenium species in sediment were key to food chain transfer, with increased proportions at higher trophic levels.

Conclusions:

  • Constructed wetlands can effectively remove selenium, but biotransformation and food chain transfer pose ecological risks.
  • Understanding selenium speciation and trophic transfer is crucial for designing safe bioremediation systems.