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Related Concept Videos

Ethics in Research01:56

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Today, scientists agree that good research is ethical in nature and is guided by a basic respect for human dignity and safety. However, this has not always been the case. Modern researchers must demonstrate that the research they perform is ethically sound.
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A pure, perfectly crystalline solid possessing no kinetic energy (that is, at a temperature of absolute zero, 0 K) may be described by a single microstate, as its purity, perfect crystallinity,and complete lack of motion means there is but one possible location for each identical atom or molecule comprising the crystal (W = 1). According to the Boltzmann equation, the entropy of this system is zero.
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In the quest to identify a property that may reliably predict the spontaneity of a process, a promising candidate has been identified: entropy. Processes that involve an increase in entropy of the system (ΔS > 0) are very often spontaneous; however, examples to the contrary are plentiful. By expanding consideration of entropy changes to include the surroundings, a significant conclusion regarding the relation between this property and spontaneity may be reached. In thermodynamic models, the...
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The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that entropy, or the amount of disorder in a system, increases each time energy is transferred or transformed. Each energy transfer results in a certain amount of energy that is lost—usually in the form of heat—that increases the disorder of the surroundings. This can also be demonstrated in a classic food web. Herbivores harvest chemical energy from plants and release heat and carbon dioxide into the environment. Carnivores harvest the...
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Law and ethics in consensual harm.

Veena Johari1

  • 1Advocate, Courtyard Attorneys, 47/1345, MIG Adarsh Nagar, Worli, Mumbai 400 030, India., courtyard attorneys@gmail.com.

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Controlled Human Infection Model studies involve infecting healthy volunteers with pathogens to develop cures. This research examines the complex legal and ethical issues surrounding informed consent for harm in these vital scientific endeavors.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical research ethics
  • Infectious disease modeling

Background:

  • Growing interest in Controlled Human Infection Model (CHIM) studies in low-and-middle-income countries.
  • CHIM studies involve controlled infection of healthy volunteers with attenuated pathogens.
  • These studies aim to accelerate the development of disease preventions and cures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the legal and ethical considerations of obtaining consent for harm in CHIM studies.
  • To examine the justification of potential harm to individuals for the greater good or scientific advancement.

Main Methods:

  • Legal analysis of consent to harm principles.
  • Ethical review of CHIM study protocols.
  • Examination of existing literature on research ethics and human subject protection.

Main Results:

  • Identified legal complexities in justifying "consent to harm" for scientific benefit.
  • Highlighted ethical challenges in balancing individual rights with public health goals.
  • Discussed the "greater good" argument in the context of human experimentation.

Conclusions:

  • CHIM studies present unique ethical dilemmas regarding informed consent.
  • A thorough legal and ethical framework is crucial for conducting CHIM studies responsibly.
  • Further discourse is needed to navigate the nuances of consent for harm in medical research.