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Related Concept Videos

Heritability01:06

Heritability

657
Heritability is a statistical concept that measures the degree to which genetic differences among individuals contribute to trait variations within a population. It is a fundamental idea in genetics, often prone to misinterpretation. Heritability is expressed as a percentage, reflecting the proportion of variation in a specific trait across a population that can be linked to genetic differences. However, it's important to understand that heritability does not determine how "genetic"...
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Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids02:26

Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

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Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
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In vitro Enrichment of Ovarian Cancer Tumor-initiating Cells
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Shared heritability and functional enrichment across six solid cancers.

Xia Jiang1,2, Hilary K Finucane3,4, Fredrick R Schumacher5,6

  • 1Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. xiajiang@hsph.harvard.edu.

Nature Communications
|January 27, 2019
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genetic correlation analysis reveals shared genetic underpinnings for various cancers. This study highlights common germline genetic basis across solid tumors, offering insights into cancer etiology.

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Oncology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Understanding cancer etiology is crucial for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies.
  • Genetic correlations between cancers can illuminate shared biological mechanisms and risk factors.
  • Previous studies have explored genetic links between specific cancer types, but a comprehensive analysis across multiple cancers and other diseases is needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify pair-wise genetic correlations between six major cancer types (breast, colorectal, head/neck, lung, ovary, prostate).
  • To investigate genetic correlations between these cancers and 38 other diseases, including non-cancer traits.
  • To identify shared germline genetic basis underlying solid tumors and explore functional contributions to cancer heritability.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics from large cohorts of European ancestry.
  • Estimated pair-wise genetic correlations (rg) between six cancer types and 38 other diseases.
  • Performed functional enrichment analysis on conserved and regulatory regions to assess their contribution to cancer heritability.

Main Results:

  • Significant genetic correlations were observed between lung and head/neck cancer (rg = 0.57), breast and ovarian cancer (rg = 0.24), breast and lung cancer (rg = 0.18), and breast and colorectal cancer (rg = 0.15).
  • Multiple cancers showed genetic correlations with non-cancer traits such as smoking, psychiatric disorders, and metabolic characteristics.
  • Functional enrichment analysis indicated a substantial contribution from conserved and regulatory genomic regions to cancer heritability.

Conclusions:

  • Solid tumors across different tissues share a common germline genetic basis.
  • Genetic correlation analysis provides valuable insights into the pleiotropic effects of genes involved in cancer development.
  • Findings underscore the importance of considering shared genetic factors in cancer research and public health initiatives.