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Related Concept Videos

Plastic Deformations01:19

Plastic Deformations

459
Plastic deformation represents a fundamental concept in materials science, which explains the irreversible change in the shape of a material when it experiences stress beyond its elastic capability. This phenomenon is important in structural engineering, especially in designing and analyzing cantilever beams—structures that are securely fixed at one end and bear loads at the opposite end. When these beams are subjected to loads within their elastic range, they will return to their...
459
Plastic Deformations01:14

Plastic Deformations

431
It is essential to understand how structural members behave under plastic deformation when the bending stress exceeds the material's yield strength. This state of deformation permanently alters the shape of the member, in contrast to the linear elastic behavior observed before yielding. The strain at any point in the member is expressed in terms of maximum strain. Notably, the neutral axis, which coincides with the centroid during elastic bending, shifts away from the centroid under plastic...
431
Temperature Dependent Deformation01:12

Temperature Dependent Deformation

390
In a nonhomogeneous rod made up of steel and brass, restrained at both ends and subjected to a temperature change, several steps are involved in calculating the stress and compressive load. Due to the problem's static indeterminacy, one end support is disconnected, allowing the rod to experience the temperature change freely. Next, an unknown force is applied at the free end, triggering deformations in the rod's steel and brass portions. These deformations are then calculated and added...
390
Deformations in a Symmetric Member in Bending01:18

Deformations in a Symmetric Member in Bending

514
When analyzing the deformation of a symmetric prismatic member subjected to bending by equal and opposite couples, it becomes clear that as the member bends, the originally straight lines on its wider faces curve into circular arcs, with a constant radius centered at a point known as Point C. This phenomenon helps to understand the stress and strain distribution within the member more clearly.
When the member is segmented into tiny cubic elements, it is observed that the primary stress...
514
Deformation of Member under Multiple Loadings01:11

Deformation of Member under Multiple Loadings

471
When a rod is made of different materials or has various cross-sections, it must be divided into parts that meet the necessary conditions for determining the deformation. These parts are each characterized by their internal force, cross-sectional area, length, and modulus of elasticity. These parameters are then used to compute the deformation of the entire rod.
In the case of a member with a variable cross-section, the strain is not constant but depends on the position. The deformation of an...
471
Deformation in a Circular Shaft01:10

Deformation in a Circular Shaft

919
One of the distinctive characteristics of circular shafts is their ability to maintain their cross-sectional integrity under torsion. In other words, each cross-section continues to exist as a flat, unaltered entity, simply rotating like a solid, rigid slab. To understand the distribution of shearing stress within such a shaft, consider a cylindrical section inside this circular shaft. This section has a length of L and a radius of R, with one end fixed. The radius of the cylindrical section is...
919

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Orthotopic Transplantation of Breast Tumors as Preclinical Models for Breast Cancer
07:45

Orthotopic Transplantation of Breast Tumors as Preclinical Models for Breast Cancer

Published on: May 18, 2020

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Breast animation deformity.

Diana Lydia Dyrberg1, Camilla Bille2, Gudjon Leifur Gunnarsson3

  • 1Department of Plastic Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense and Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark.

Archives of Plastic Surgery
|January 29, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Breast animation deformity (BAD) occurs after submuscular implants, affecting 58% of patients. Techniques involving greater muscle dissection, like the Regnault or dual-plane methods, show higher BAD incidence.

Keywords:
Breast implantBreast reconstructionMammaplastyTreatment outcome

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Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Reconstructive Surgery
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Breast animation deformity (BAD) is a complication of submuscular breast implants.
  • Its incidence, etiology, and patient quality of life impact are not well-established.
  • BAD is gaining recognition as a significant concern in aesthetic and reconstructive breast surgery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review literature defining and classifying BAD.
  • To identify methods used for assessing the degree of animation.
  • To determine the incidence and contributing factors of BAD after breast augmentation and reconstruction.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search of PubMed and Embase databases.
  • Inclusion criteria focused on studies defining, classifying, and assessing BAD post-implant.
  • Screening of 866 publications, with four studies meeting criteria.

Main Results:

  • A median of 58% of patients experienced some degree of BAD.
  • Higher BAD incidence (73%-78%) observed with Regnault and dual-plane techniques.
  • Lower BAD incidence (30%-33%) noted with dual-plane muscle-splitting and triple-plane techniques.
  • No studies analyzed BAD after prepectoral implant placement.

Conclusions:

  • BAD degree appears proportional to the extent of muscle involvement during surgery.
  • Current evidence is scarce, suggesting underreporting of this complication.
  • Further comparative studies are needed to elucidate BAD etiology and management.