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Related Concept Videos

Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

20.6K
Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
20.6K
Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

17.7K
Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
17.7K
Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

16.2K
Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
16.2K
Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

20.0K
Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
20.0K
Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids02:26

Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

54.8K
Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
54.8K
Energy Bands in Solids01:01

Energy Bands in Solids

2.0K
Isolated atoms have discrete energy levels that are well described by the Bohr model. And, it quantifies the energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom as En. Higher quantum numbers 'n' yield less negative, closer electron energy levels.
 Band Formation:
When atoms are brought close together, as in a solid, these discrete energy levels begin to split due to the overlap of electron orbitals from adjacent atoms. This split occurs because of the Pauli exclusion principle, which states...
2.0K

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Updated: Jan 30, 2026

A Simple Method for Automated Solid Phase Extraction of Water Samples for Immunological Analysis of Small Pollutants
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Taking control of persistent solid waste pollution.

James M Coe1, George Bud Antonelis2, Kirsten Moy3

  • 1NOAA Fisheries, Ret., 11207 83rd Pl. NE, Kirkland, WA 98034, United States of America.

Marine Pollution Bulletin
|January 29, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Persistent solid waste pollution (PSWP) overwhelms current control efforts, with plastic waste set to double by 2050. Nations must implement elimination policies and international conventions to address this global challenge.

Keywords:
Marine debrisMarine litterPersistent solid wastePlastic pollutionWaste management

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Pollution Control
  • Waste Management

Background:

  • Persistent solid waste pollution (PSWP) presents a growing global challenge, exceeding current governmental and private management capacities.
  • Plastic waste is projected to double by 2050, driven by a quadrupling of virgin plastic production, exacerbating the PSWP crisis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the escalating problem of persistent solid waste pollution.
  • To advocate for comprehensive national and international strategies for PSWP mitigation.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of current trends in solid waste production and environmental impact.
  • Review of existing governmental and private sector control capabilities.
  • Proposal of policy and structural changes for effective waste management.

Main Results:

  • Current efforts are insufficient to manage the scale and complexity of PSWP.
  • Significant policy and structural changes are required at national and international levels.
  • Coordinated efforts from environmental organizations, foundations, and citizens are crucial.

Conclusions:

  • A long-term PSWP elimination policy is essential for all nations.
  • Establishing a dedicated authority for national solid waste management is critical.
  • An International Convention for the Prevention of PSWP is necessary to foster global solutions.