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Related Concept Videos

Plasticity00:58

Plasticity

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Plasticity is the property where an object loses its elasticity and undergoes irreversible deformation, even after the deformation forces are eliminated. If a material deforms irreversibly without increasing stress or load, then this is called ideal plasticity. For example, when a force is applied to an aluminum rod, it changes its shape, but it does not return to its original shape once the force is removed. Plastic deformation or ductility is thus a permanent deformation or change in the...
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Water-reducers, or plasticizers, are chemical admixtures used in concrete to improve strength and workability. These additives reduce the water-cement ratio without compromising workability, lower the cement content while maintaining the same workability, or increase workability to assist concrete placement in inaccessible areas.
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Plastic Behavior01:21

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A material's elastic behavior is characterized by the disappearance of stress once the load is removed, allowing the material to return to its original state. However, when stress surpasses the yield point, yielding commences, marking the onset of plastic deformation or permanent set. This change from elastic to plastic behavior is influenced by the peak stress value and the duration before the load is removed. An intriguing observation occurs when a specimen is loaded, unloaded, and...
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Plastic Deformations01:14

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It is essential to understand how structural members behave under plastic deformation when the bending stress exceeds the material's yield strength. This state of deformation permanently alters the shape of the member, in contrast to the linear elastic behavior observed before yielding. The strain at any point in the member is expressed in terms of maximum strain. Notably, the neutral axis, which coincides with the centroid during elastic bending, shifts away from the centroid under plastic...
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Plastic Deformations01:19

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Plastic deformation represents a fundamental concept in materials science, which explains the irreversible change in the shape of a material when it experiences stress beyond its elastic capability. This phenomenon is important in structural engineering, especially in designing and analyzing cantilever beams—structures that are securely fixed at one end and bear loads at the opposite end. When these beams are subjected to loads within their elastic range, they will return to their...
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Vectors are mathematical entities characterized by both magnitude and direction. Unlike scalars, which are defined solely by magnitude, vectors represent quantities like displacement, velocity, and force, where direction is essential. Vectors are graphically represented as directed line segments, extending from an initial point to a terminal point, denoted with bold letters or arrows placed above the symbol. Two vectors are deemed equal if they share identical magnitudes and directions,...
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Related Experiment Video

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Forming Micro-and Nano-Plastics from Agricultural Plastic Films for Employment in Fundamental Research Studies
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Micro(nano)plastics: Unignorable vectors for organisms.

Maocai Shen1, Yuan Zhu1, Yaxin Zhang1

  • 1College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China.

Marine Pollution Bulletin
|January 29, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Micro(nano)plastics act as vectors, accelerating organism diffusion and potentially causing biological invasion. They also increase gene exchange, including pathogenic and antibiotic resistance genes, impacting ecosystems.

Keywords:
AggregationDiffusionEnergy flowGene exchangeMicro(nano)plasticsOrganism vector

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Ecotoxicology
  • Microplastics Research

Background:

  • Micro(nano)plastics are recognized as emerging environmental contaminants.
  • Their distribution, sources, and analysis methods are well-established.
  • The role of micro(nano)plastics as vectors for organisms remains poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce the role of micro(nano)plastics as vectors for organisms.
  • To explore the potential ecological effects of micro(nano)plastics acting as vectors.
  • To highlight areas for future research regarding micro(nano)plastic vector functions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on micro(nano)plastics and their ecological interactions.
  • Conceptual framework development to explain vector functions.
  • Analysis of potential ecological consequences based on current understanding.

Main Results:

  • Micro(nano)plastics can accelerate the dispersal of attached organisms, potentially leading to biological invasions.
  • They facilitate gene exchange within attached microbial communities, promoting the transfer of pathogenic and antibiotic resistance genes.
  • Micro(nano)plastics can enhance the flow of energy, materials, and information within ecosystems.

Conclusions:

  • Micro(nano)plastics function as significant vectors for the transport and dissemination of organisms and genetic material.
  • Their vector role has profound implications for ecological processes, including biodiversity and the spread of resistance.
  • Further research is crucial to fully evaluate the ecological impact of micro(nano)plastics as vectors.