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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Field Identification of Matricaria chamomilla using a Portable qPCR System
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Portable refuge alternatives temperature and humidity tests.

L Yan1, D Yantek1

  • 1National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Pittsburgh, PA, USA.

Mining Engineering
|January 29, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Refuge alternatives in underground coal mines can experience significant heat and humidity buildup. NIOSH testing revealed that moisture from occupants drastically increases internal temperatures and relative humidity, impacting safety.

Area of Science:

  • Occupational Safety and Health
  • Mine Safety Engineering
  • Thermal Environment Research

Background:

  • Federal regulations mandate refuge alternatives in underground coal mines for 96-hour survival.
  • Existing refuge alternatives face challenges with heat and humidity dissipation, posing heat stress risks.
  • Understanding the complex heat transfer within refuge alternatives is crucial for occupant safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate and quantify heat and humidity buildup in various refuge alternative designs.
  • To provide data for evaluating thermal performance and informing safety guidelines for refuge alternatives.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted multiple 96-hour in-mine tests on 10-person tent-type, 23-person tent-type, and six-person metal-type refuge alternatives.

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  • Performed both 'wet' tests (simulating occupant moisture) and 'dry' tests (without added moisture).
  • Monitored internal air temperature and relative humidity at midheight within the refuge alternatives.

    • Main Results:

    • Wet tests showed significant increases in average temperature (7.7–10.5 °C) and relative humidity (88–95%).
    • Dry tests also resulted in notable average internal temperature increases (8.4–12.6 °C).
    • Tent-type and metal-type refuge alternatives exhibited varying degrees of temperature and RH increases under both test conditions.

    Conclusions:

    • Occupant-generated moisture is a critical factor exacerbating heat and humidity buildup in refuge alternatives.
    • Test results offer valuable data for manufacturers and mine operators to assess thermal profiles.
    • Findings can guide decisions on occupancy ratings and heat mitigation strategies for portable refuge alternatives.