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Understanding Rapid Adjustments to Diverse Forcing Agents.

C J Smith1, R J Kramer2, G Myhre3

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Summary

Rapid adjustments significantly alter effective radiative forcing (ERF) from climate drivers like black carbon and carbon dioxide (CO2). Key factors influencing these adjustments include temperature changes in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Climate Science
  • Atmospheric Physics
  • Radiative Transfer

Background:

  • Rapid adjustments are climate system responses to external forcing agents, distinct from surface warming.
  • These adjustments influence the top of atmosphere energy budget but their underlying mechanisms require detailed quantification.
  • Understanding rapid adjustments is crucial for accurately assessing the climate impact of various forcing agents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the impact of rapid adjustments on the effective radiative forcing (ERF) for different climate drivers.
  • To investigate the competing mechanisms responsible for rapid adjustments, particularly for CO2 forcing.
  • To identify key factors driving rapid adjustments across various climate forcings.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized climate model experiments to simulate responses to different forcing agents (black carbon, CO2, solar constant, CH4).
  • Analyzed changes in the top of atmosphere energy budget and atmospheric temperature profiles.
  • Calculated instantaneous forcing, stratospherically adjusted forcing, and effective radiative forcing (ERF).

Main Results:

  • Rapid adjustments were found to halve the ERF of black carbon compared to instantaneous forcing.
  • For CO2 forcing, rapid adjustments increased ERF, with competing tropospheric adjustments summing to zero.
  • Changes in upper troposphere and lower stratosphere temperatures were identified as a key factor in rapid adjustments for individual drivers.

Conclusions:

  • Rapid adjustments play a significant and variable role in determining the ERF of different climate drivers.
  • The net effect of rapid adjustments on ERF depends on the specific forcing agent and the interplay of atmospheric processes.
  • Temperature changes in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere are critical determinants of rapid adjustment magnitudes.