Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

974
Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
974
Ligand Binding Sites02:40

Ligand Binding Sites

15.0K
Proteins are dynamic macromolecules that carry out a wide variety of essential processes; however, the activities of most proteins depend on their interactions with other molecules or ions, known as ligands.
Protein-ligand interactions are quite specific; even though numerous potential ligands surround a cellular protein at any given time, only a particular ligand can bind to that protein. Moreover, a ligand binds only to a dedicated area on the surface of the protein, known as the...
15.0K
Photoelectric Effect02:26

Photoelectric Effect

39.5K
When light of a particular wavelength strikes a metal surface, electrons are emitted. This is called the photoelectric effect. The minimum frequency of light that can cause such emission of electrons is called the threshold frequency, which is specific to the metal. Light with a frequency lower than the threshold frequency, even if it is of high intensity, cannot initiate the emission of electrons. However, when the frequency is higher than the threshold value, the number of electrons ejected...
39.5K
Long-term Depression01:05

Long-term Depression

33.3K
Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
33.3K
What are Proteins?01:55

What are Proteins?

238.8K
Overview
238.8K
RNA Editing02:23

RNA Editing

9.9K
RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
9.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Geometric principles of dendritic integration of excitation and inhibition in cortical neurons.

Science advances·2026
Same author

Geometric principles of dendritic integration of excitation and inhibition in cortical neurons.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

Abraham Patchornik: The Contemporary Relevance of His Work for Chemistry and Biology.

JACS Au·2025
Same author

Ca<sup>2+</sup>-dependent phosphodiesterase 1 regulates the plasticity of striatal spiny projection neuron glutamatergic synapses.

Cell reports·2024
Same author

Ca <sup>2+</sup> -dependent phosphodiesterase 1 regulates the plasticity of striatal spiny projection neuron glutamatergic synapses.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2024
Same author

Bidirectional Neuronal Actuation by Uncaging with Violet and Green Light.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Multi-photon Intracellular Sodium Imaging Combined with UV-mediated Focal Uncaging of Glutamate in CA1 Pyramidal Neurons
10:29

Multi-photon Intracellular Sodium Imaging Combined with UV-mediated Focal Uncaging of Glutamate in CA1 Pyramidal Neurons

Published on: October 8, 2014

14.5K

Two-Photon Uncaging of Glutamate.

Graham C R Ellis-Davies1

  • 1Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.

Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience
|January 29, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Two-photon microscopy uses a non-linear excitation technique with ultra-fast lasers for precise imaging. This method is ideal for studying glutamatergic transmission in brain slices by enabling two-photon uncaging of glutamate.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biophysics
  • Optical Imaging

Background:

  • Two-photon microscopy utilizes longer wavelengths for chromophore excitation, enabling deeper tissue penetration.
  • The technique relies on non-linear optical phenomena, requiring high-intensity, pulsed lasers.
  • Its precise excitation confinement is advantageous for studying localized biological processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explain the principles of two-photon uncaging of glutamate.
  • To provide a practical guide for applying this technique in neuroscience research.
  • To highlight the utility of two-photon microscopy in studying synaptic transmission.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizes ultra-fast lasers to deliver high photon flux for simultaneous two-photon absorption.
Keywords:
2-photonGlu = glutamatedendritic spikesplasticityquantauncaging

More Related Videos

Lineage Labeling of Zebrafish Cells with Laser Uncagable Fluorescein Dextran
07:35

Lineage Labeling of Zebrafish Cells with Laser Uncagable Fluorescein Dextran

Published on: April 28, 2011

14.3K
Two-Photon-Based Photoactivation in Live Zebrafish Embryos
09:10

Two-Photon-Based Photoactivation in Live Zebrafish Embryos

Published on: December 24, 2010

12.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Multi-photon Intracellular Sodium Imaging Combined with UV-mediated Focal Uncaging of Glutamate in CA1 Pyramidal Neurons
10:29

Multi-photon Intracellular Sodium Imaging Combined with UV-mediated Focal Uncaging of Glutamate in CA1 Pyramidal Neurons

Published on: October 8, 2014

14.5K
Lineage Labeling of Zebrafish Cells with Laser Uncagable Fluorescein Dextran
07:35

Lineage Labeling of Zebrafish Cells with Laser Uncagable Fluorescein Dextran

Published on: April 28, 2011

14.3K
Two-Photon-Based Photoactivation in Live Zebrafish Embryos
09:10

Two-Photon-Based Photoactivation in Live Zebrafish Embryos

Published on: December 24, 2010

12.1K
  • Employs high numerical aperture lenses to achieve highly confined axial excitation.
  • Applies the technique to study glutamatergic transmission in brain slices.

    • Main Results:

    • Demonstrates the feasibility of two-photon uncaging for localized glutamate release.
    • Highlights the technique's ability to resolve sub-synaptic transmission events.
    • Provides a framework for researchers to implement two-photon uncaging.

    Conclusions:

    • Two-photon uncaging is a powerful method for investigating glutamatergic signaling with high spatial resolution.
    • The technique offers significant advantages over conventional methods for studying synaptic function.
    • This guide facilitates the adoption of two-photon uncaging in neuroscience research.