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Related Concept Videos

Cross-reactivity00:42

Cross-reactivity

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Overview
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Reactivity of Enols01:18

Reactivity of Enols

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Enols are a class of compounds where a hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon–carbon double bond, which implies that it is a vinyl alcohol. A carbonyl compound with an α hydrogen undergoes keto–enol tautomerism and remains in equilibrium with its tautomer, the enol form. Usually, the keto tautomer is present in a higher concentration than the enol tautomer due to the higher bond energy of C=O compared to C=C. Moreover, the direction of the keto–enol equilibrium is...
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Overview of Advanced Functional Groups02:22

Overview of Advanced Functional Groups

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Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
Types of Advanced Functional Groups
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry.
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Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Reactivity of Enolate Ions01:23

Reactivity of Enolate Ions

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Enolate ions are formed by the acid–base reaction of a carbonyl compound with a base. This leads to deprotonation of the α hydrogen atom, leading to a resonance-stabilized enolate ion where one of the contributing structures is an oxyanion, which imparts additional stability. Therefore, the proton on the α carbon is more acidic in nature than that of other sp3-hybridized C–H bonds but less acidic than those in O–H bonds where the negative charge in the conjugate...
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Radical Reactivity: Overview01:11

Radical Reactivity: Overview

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Radicals, the highly reactive species, gain stability by undergoing three different reactions. The first reaction involves a radical-radical coupling, in which a radical combines with another radical, forming a spin‐paired molecule. The second reaction is between a radical and a spin‐paired molecule, generating a new radical and a new spin‐paired molecule. The third reaction is radical decomposition in a unimolecular reaction, forming a new radical and a spin‐paired...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Stem Cell-Derived Viral Ag-Specific T Lymphocytes Suppress HBV Replication in Mice
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Recent Advances in HBV Reactivation Research.

Lixia Guo1, Dan Wang2, Xiping Ouyang3

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Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation is a significant risk for patients undergoing cancer treatments like chemotherapy or hormone therapy. Understanding drug-induced HBV reactivation is crucial for patient safety and future research.

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major global health concern.
  • HBV reactivation poses a serious threat, particularly in patients with overt or occult HBV infections undergoing treatments like chemotherapy, immunosuppressive therapy, or hormone therapy (e.g., prednisolone, imatinib).
  • The incidence of HBV reactivation ranges from 10% to 40%.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the molecular mechanisms of HBV reactivation, focusing on drug-induced cases.
  • To highlight the increasing risk of HBV reactivation with new antiviral and targeted therapies.
  • To provide recommendations for future research directions in HBV reactivation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating HBV reactivation.
  • Analysis of reported cases of drug-induced HBV reactivation.
  • Examination of molecular mechanisms from both viral and host perspectives.

Main Results:

  • Certain drugs, including cisplatin, rituximab, imatinib, and glucocorticoids, have been reported to directly induce HBV reactivation.
  • The precise molecular mechanisms underlying drug-induced HBV reactivation remain unclear.
  • The development of novel antiviral and molecular targeted drugs is expected to significantly increase the risk of HBV reactivation.

Conclusions:

  • Further research is needed to elucidate the specific molecular mechanisms of drug-induced HBV reactivation.
  • Proactive monitoring and management strategies are essential for patients at risk.
  • Recommendations for future research are proposed to mitigate HBV reactivation risks.