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Related Concept Videos

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

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Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...
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Glucose Transporters01:27

Glucose Transporters

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Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
Facilitated diffusion-glucose transporters (GLUTs) are encoded by the solute-linked carrier (SLC) family 2, subfamily A gene family, or SLC2A. The 14 GLUT protein members are distributed into three classes:
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Glucose Absorption Into the Small Intestine01:26

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Complex carbohydrates consumed cannot be absorbed into the small intestine in their original form. First, they must be hydrolyzed to a monosaccharide form such as glucose or galactose. These monosaccharides are then transported across the intestinal membrane and into the blood via transcellular transport. The intestinal epithelial cells allow the movement of these monosaccharides with a defined 'entry' through membrane transporter proteins present on their apical membrane and...
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Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
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Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are...
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Decreasing Function01:27

Decreasing Function

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A decreasing function describes a relationship where the output consistently declines as the input increases. This means that for any two input values, if one is greater than the other, the corresponding output is smaller. Mathematically, a function f is decreasing on an interval I if for every x1 < x2​ in I, f (x1) > f (x2). This type of behavior is visually identified on a graph that slopes downward from left to right.The nature of a function can be analyzed by calculating...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Improving Strength, Power, Muscle Aerobic Capacity, and Glucose Tolerance through Short-term Progressive Strength Training Among Elderly People
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Eight sessions of endurance training decrease fasting glucose and improve glucose tolerance in middle-aged overweight

Stian Jelstad1, Thorhildur Ditta Valsdottir1,2, Egil I Johansen1

  • 1Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.

Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry
|January 29, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Eight endurance training sessions over three weeks significantly improved glucose control and plasma lipids in sedentary, overweight middle-aged men. This exercise regimen is recommended for improving metabolic health in this population.

Keywords:
ExerciseHDLLDLcholesteroldiabetesinsulin

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Area of Science:

  • Exercise physiology
  • Metabolic health

Background:

  • General exercise recommendations exist for metabolic health.
  • Controlled training studies are crucial for refining exercise guidelines.
  • Sedentary middle-aged males with overweight/obesity are at risk for metabolic diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of a controlled endurance training program on metabolic regulation in sedentary middle-aged males with overweight or obesity.
  • To determine if short-term endurance training can improve glucose homeostasis and plasma lipids.

Main Methods:

  • Eight 60-minute indoor-cycling sessions over three weeks.
  • Training intensity was approximately 83% of peak heart rate, divided into four 15-minute blocks with 2-minute rests.
  • Participants were sedentary middle-aged males (44-64 years) with overweight or obesity (BMI 27-38).

Main Results:

  • Significant reduction in fasting glucose levels (5.3 to 4.8 mM).
  • Improved glucose tolerance.
  • Favorable changes in plasma lipids.
  • Maximal oxygen uptake did not significantly increase.

Conclusions:

  • Three weeks of moderate-to-high intensity endurance training can effectively improve glucose homeostasis in untrained males with overweight or obesity.
  • This training protocol offers a viable strategy for enhancing metabolic health in this demographic.
  • Specific exercise interventions can yield significant metabolic benefits beyond general recommendations.