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Related Concept Videos

General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

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Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

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Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

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Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
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Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

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Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
516
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

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Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...
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Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

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Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
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Author Spotlight: Enhancing Success of Ultrasound-Guided Neuraxial Anesthesia in Cases with Difficult Anatomy
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Neuroanesthesiology Update.

Jeffrey J Pasternak1

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN.

Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology
|January 29, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review summarizes perioperative care for neurosurgical and neurological patients. It covers key topics including stroke, brain injury, and cognitive function disorders.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Neurology
  • Anesthesiology

Background:

  • Perioperative care is critical for patients with neurological conditions.
  • Optimizing care can improve outcomes and reduce complications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current literature on perioperative management for neurosurgical patients.
  • To consolidate information on neurological diseases and their perioperative considerations.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of relevant studies.
  • Synthesis of findings on general neurosurgical care.
  • Analysis of specific neurological conditions.

Main Results:

  • Key considerations for general neurosurgical procedures.
  • Management strategies for perioperative stroke.
  • Approaches to traumatic brain injury care.
  • Overview of neuromonitoring techniques.
  • Discussion of neurotoxicity risks.
  • Management of perioperative cognitive dysfunction.

Conclusions:

  • Comprehensive perioperative care is essential for neurosurgical and neurological patients.
  • Addressing specific conditions like stroke and TBI requires tailored strategies.
  • Neuromonitoring and managing neurotoxicity are vital components of care.