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Micro-/Nanoscale Approach for Studying Scale Formation and Developing Scale-Resistant Surfaces.

Hossein Sojoudi1, Srinivasa Kartik Nemani1, Kaitlyn M Mullin2

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Summary

Researchers developed novel surfaces to combat salt particle buildup in pipelines, crucial for desalination and water harvesting. Engineered coatings significantly reduce scale formation and adhesion, improving industrial efficiency and reducing costs.

Keywords:
MFPQCMadhesioniCVD polymer coatingsscalingsurface energy

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Surface Chemistry
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Salt particle accretion in pipelines causes significant productivity loss and increased maintenance costs in desalination and water harvesting.
  • Understanding the fundamental mechanisms of scale formation, deposition, and adhesion is critical for developing effective mitigation strategies.
  • Engineered surfaces with tailored properties offer a promising approach to control and reduce salt scale formation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the micro-/nanoscale fundamentals of salt scale formation, deposition, and adhesion on various engineered surfaces.
  • To evaluate the impact of surface energy and fluid interfaces on salt particle adhesion strength.
  • To develop and assess scale-resistant surfaces for applications in water treatment and harvesting industries.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of diverse polymer-coated substrates using initiated chemical vapor deposition.
  • Measurement of salt particle adhesion forces using a molecular force probe (MFP) in wet and dry conditions.
  • Real-time monitoring of salt scale nucleation and growth using quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) analysis.

Main Results:

  • Adhesion forces between salt particles and poly(1 H,1 H,2 H,2 H-perfluorodecylacrylate) (pPFDA) coatings decreased by 5.1 ± 1.15 nN in wet conditions due to capillary bridging.
  • Salt accretion was reduced by twofold on pPFDA-coated substrates compared to poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (p(PHEMA- co-EGDA)) coatings.
  • Both MFP and QCM studies demonstrated the significant influence of surface energy and roughness on scale formation and adhesion.

Conclusions:

  • Engineered surfaces, particularly pPFDA coatings, exhibit reduced salt particle adhesion and accretion, offering a viable solution for industrial challenges.
  • The study highlights the importance of micro-/nanoscale surface properties in controlling salt scale formation.
  • Findings pave the way for designing advanced scale-resistant surfaces for water treatment, energy harvesting, and purification.