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Balancing Redox Equations02:58

Balancing Redox Equations

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Electrochemistry is the science involved in the interconversion of electrical and chemical reactions. Such reactions are called reduction-oxidation, or redox reactions. These important reactions are defined by changes in oxidation states for one or more reactant elements and include a subset of reactions involving the transfer of electrons between reactant species. Electrochemistry as a field has evolved to yield sufficient insights on the fundamental principles of redox chemistry and multiple...
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Solvents01:12

Solvents

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A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
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Redox Reactions01:24

Redox Reactions

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Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...
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Redox Reactions01:27

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Redox reactions are vital biochemical processes that underpin energy metabolism in cells. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules, occurring in tandem as oxidation and reduction. Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons, while reduction denotes their gain. This coupling ensures the seamless flow of electrons through metabolic pathways. For example, in bacterial metabolism, glucose undergoes oxidation to carbon dioxide, while oxygen is simultaneously reduced to...
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Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents01:16

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Most acid-base titrations are performed in an aqueous medium. In aqueous titrations, water competes with weaker acids or bases for proton donation or acceptance, leading to ambiguous endpoints in the titration curve. Water also affects the partial ionization of weak acids or bases. For example, water accepts a proton from acetic acid to form hydronium and acetate ions. The hydronium ion formed is a stronger acid than acetic acid, and the acetate ion is a stronger base than water. As a result,...
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Redox Equilibria: Overview01:23

Redox Equilibria: Overview

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A reduction-oxidation reaction is commonly called a redox reaction. In a redox reaction, electrons are transferred from one species to another rather than being shared between or among atoms. The reducing agent or reductant is the species that loses electrons and gets oxidized in the process. The species that gains electrons and gets reduced in the process is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Redox reactions are represented as two separate equations called half-reactions, where one equation...
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Preparation of Binary and Ternary Deep Eutectic Systems
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Deep eutectic solvents for redox biocatalysis.

Vicente Gotor-Fernández1, Caroline E Paul2

  • 1Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Avenida Julián Clavería 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.

Journal of Biotechnology
|January 29, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Deep eutectic solvents (DES) enhance enzyme performance in biocatalysis. These green solvents improve enzyme stability and activity, leading to higher yields and enantioselectivity in biotransformations.

Keywords:
Deep eutectic solventsNeoteric solventsNon-conventional mediaRedox biocatalysisWhole cells catalysis

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Area of Science:

  • Green Chemistry
  • Biocatalysis
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Deep eutectic solvents (DES) are emerging as versatile, eco-friendly alternatives to traditional solvents.
  • Their biocompatible and biodegradable nature makes them suitable for enzymatic applications.
  • DES can enhance enzyme activity, stability, and selectivity in various biotransformations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the latest advancements in using DES for redox biocatalytic reactions.
  • To summarize the application of DES in different types of enzymatic transformations.
  • To highlight the benefits of DES in improving biocatalytic efficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on DES in biocatalysis.
  • Categorization of applications based on enzyme type and reaction (oxidation, reduction, etc.).
  • Analysis of reported improvements in enzyme performance and product yields.

Main Results:

  • DES significantly boost enzyme activity and stability across various biocatalytic processes.
  • Increased product conversions and enantioselectivity were observed when using DES.
  • DES are effective in whole-cell and isolated enzyme systems for redox reactions.

Conclusions:

  • Deep eutectic solvents are highly effective co-solvents for enhancing biocatalytic processes.
  • Their application in redox biocatalysis offers a sustainable and efficient approach.
  • DES represent a promising tool for advancing green chemistry in enzyme-catalyzed reactions.