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Updated: Jan 30, 2026

A Method for Evaluating Insecticide Efficacy against Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius, Eggs and First Instars
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An evaluation of alternative methods for sanitizing hatching eggs.

E F Melo1, W L S Clímaco1, M V Triginelli1

  • 1Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil.

Poultry Science
|January 29, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Peracetic acid (PAA) and ultraviolet light-C (UV-C) show promise as alternatives to formaldehyde for disinfecting hatching eggs, effectively reducing bacterial counts on eggshells without impacting incubation or chick quality.

Keywords:
Bacterial enumerationeggshell qualityhatchability

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Area of Science:

  • Poultry Science
  • Food Safety
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Formaldehyde fumigation is a common method for sanitizing hatching eggs but raises health and environmental concerns.
  • Alternative disinfection methods are needed to reduce microbial load on eggshells and improve food safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate alternative sanitization methods to formaldehyde for hatching eggs.
  • To assess the impact of these methods on eggshell and yolk sac microbiology, eggshell quality, incubation, and chick quality.

Main Methods:

  • Seven treatments were tested on 10,080 hatching eggs: paraformaldehyde, ozone, UV-C, hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid (PAA), water spray, and a dry control.
  • Microbiological counts (aerobic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae), eggshell quality, incubation parameters, and yolk sac counts were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Peracetic acid (PAA) and UV-C significantly reduced aerobic bacteria plate counts compared to the dry control.
  • PAA disinfection resulted in lower Enterobacteriaceae counts than the dry control and water control groups.
  • No significant differences were observed in eggshell quality, incubation parameters, or yolk sac microbiological counts among treatments.

Conclusions:

  • Peracetic acid (PAA) and UV-C irradiation are potential alternatives to formaldehyde for eggshell disinfection.
  • Further research, including electronic microscopic evaluation, is needed to assess potential cuticle damage from PAA and UV-C treatments.