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Every cell in the body maintains a membrane potential due to an uneven distribution of positive and negative charges across its plasma membrane. The membrane potential is measured in millivolts and quantifies the difference in charge across the membrane.
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The energy stored by a structure and location of matter in space is called potential energy. For instance, raising a kettlebell changes its spatial location and increases its potential energy. Similarly, a stretched rubber band contains potential energy which, under certain conditions, can be converted into other forms of energy, such as kinetic energy.
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A conservative force, such as a gravitational or elastic force, gives the body the capacity to do work. This capacity, measured as the potential energy, depends on the body's location or “position” relative to a fixed reference position or datum. The gravitational potential energy is considered zero at the reference point. Suppose a body is located at some vertical distance above a fixed horizontal reference or datum. In that case, the weight of the body has positive gravitational potential...
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On comparing the reactivity of silver and lead, it is observed that the two ionic species, Ag+ (aq) and Pb2+ (aq), show a difference in their redox reactivity towards copper: the silver ion undergoes spontaneous reduction, while the lead ion does not. This relative redox activity can be easily quantified in electrochemical cells by a property called cell potential. This property is commonly known as cell voltage in electrochemistry, and it is a measure of the energy which accompanies the charge...
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Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Two Methods for Decellularization of Plant Tissues for Tissue Engineering Applications
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Nanomaterials as potential and versatile platform for next generation tissue engineering applications.

Rubbel Singla1,2, Syed M S Abidi1,2, Aqib Iqbal Dar1

  • 1Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India.

Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. Part B, Applied Biomaterials
|January 29, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Nanomaterials (NMs) offer unique properties for tissue engineering (TE), enabling the creation of advanced scaffolds that mimic natural tissues. These nanomaterials promote cellular interactions for more effective tissue repair and regeneration.

Keywords:
growth factorsnanobiomaterialsregenerative medicinescaffoldstissue engineering

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Tissue engineering (TE) aims to replace or repair damaged tissues using artificial substitutes.
  • Early TE focused on skin equivalents; current efforts target diverse organs like bone, cartilage, and liver.
  • 3-D biomaterial scaffolds deliver active molecules and utilize nano-scale topography.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of organ-specific nanomaterials (NMs) in tissue engineering.
  • To highlight the role of NMs in mimicking the extracellular matrix and controlling cell behavior.
  • To explore the potential of NMs as biological alternatives for tissue repair and regeneration.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on nanomaterials in tissue engineering.
  • Analysis of NM properties (mechanical, electrical, optical) relevant to TE.
  • Discussion of nano-scale topography for mimicking the natural extracellular matrix.

Main Results:

  • Nanomaterials offer unique properties advantageous for TE applications.
  • NMs can be designed to mimic natural extracellular matrix topography, guiding cell behavior.
  • Various organ-specific NMs are being developed for diverse TE applications.

Conclusions:

  • Nanomaterials represent a significant advancement in tissue engineering.
  • NMs facilitate enhanced cellular interactions, leading to more efficient tissue formation.
  • The use of NMs holds great promise for repairing or replacing nonfunctional tissues.