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Survival curves are graphical representations that depict the survival experience of a population over time, offering an intuitive way to track the proportion of individuals who remain event-free at each time point. These curves are widely used in fields such as medicine, public health, and reliability engineering to visualize and compare survival probabilities across different groups or conditions.
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Updated: Jan 30, 2026

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Canine Cutaneous Haemangiosarcoma: Biomarkers and Survival.

D F Nóbrega1, V F Sehaber2, R Madureira1

  • 1Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, PO Box 10.011, Londrina, Brazil.

Journal of Comparative Pathology
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PubMed
Summary

This study found no link between common biomarkers and survival in dogs with cutaneous haemangiosarcoma (cHSA). However, cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are frequently expressed, suggesting potential therapeutic targets.

Keywords:
cutaneous haemangiosarcomadogimmunohistochemistryprognosis

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Oncology
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Canine Neoplasms

Background:

  • Cutaneous haemangiosarcoma (cHSA) is a common, aggressive vascular tumor in dogs, often linked to poor prognosis.
  • Solar radiation is a suspected factor in light-skinned, short-haired dogs, but prognostic markers for cHSA are lacking.
  • Understanding cHSA's biological behavior and identifying prognostic factors are crucial for developing targeted therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate immunohistochemical markers (FVIII, COX-2, VEGF, PCNA, Caspase-3) in canine cHSA.
  • To correlate marker expression with overall survival (OS) in dogs with cHSA.
  • To identify prognostic factors influencing cHSA outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Sixty canine cHSA samples were analyzed using immunohistochemistry for FVIII, COX-2, VEGF, PCNA, and Caspase-3.
  • Results were correlated with overall survival using a competitive risks model.
  • Clinical variables (age, sex, breed, tumor invasiveness, differentiation, mitotic rate, size) were also analyzed.

Main Results:

  • All markers were expressed (80-100% of samples), with strong PCNA and Caspase-3, and weak-to-moderate FVIII, COX-2, VEGF.
  • Median OS was 12 months; clinical variables like age, tumor size, and invasiveness did not significantly correlate with survival.
  • No immunohistochemical marker expression or intensity correlated with OS, though COX-2 and VEGF were frequently detected.

Conclusions:

  • Standard immunohistochemical markers and clinical factors showed no significant correlation with overall survival in canine cHSA.
  • Frequent expression of COX-2 and VEGF suggests their potential as therapeutic targets for canine cHSA.
  • Further investigation into COX-2 and VEGF pathways may lead to novel treatment strategies for canine cutaneous haemangiosarcoma.