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Related Concept Videos

Piecewise-Defined Functions01:28

Piecewise-Defined Functions

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Piecewise defined functions are mathematical models where different expressions define a function over distinct intervals of the domain. These functions are useful for representing systems with varying behaviors depending on input values.For example, the function:  uses a linear rule for inputs less than or equal to –1 and a quadratic rule for values greater than –1. Although it has two formulas, it still defines a single function.Another common type is the absolute value...
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Rules for Defining Functions01:29

Rules for Defining Functions

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A relation is a function if each input x is associated with exactly one output y. For example, the equation      y = 2x + 5 defines a function because every value of x yields a unique y. However, x = y² + 1 is not a function of x, since a single x-value, such as x = 2, corresponds to two possible y-values: y = 1 and y = -1.The vertical line test helps determine whether a graph represents a function. If a vertical line intersects a curve more than once, the curve fails...
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Adult Stem Cells01:33

Adult Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce more stem cells or progenitor cells that differentiate into mature, specialized cell types. All the cells in the body are generated from stem cells in the early embryo, but small populations of stem cells are also present in many adult tissues including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. These adult stem cells typically produce the various cell types found in that tissue—to replace cells that are damaged or to continuously...
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Embryonic Stem Cells00:58

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
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The Mammary Glands01:12

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The female breast is a hemispheric projection of variable size positioned anterior to the pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles. A fascia layer composed of dense, irregular connective tissue connects it to these muscles.
Each breast features a pigmented projection known as the nipple, through which milk emerges via closely spaced openings of ducts, referred to as lactiferous ducts. Surrounding the nipple is a circular pigmented area of skin named the areola, which appears rough due to...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Assays for functionally defined normal and malignant mammary stem cells.

Syed Mohammed Musheer Aalam1, Philip Anthony Beer2, Nagarajan Kannan1

  • 1Laboratory of Stem Cell and Cancer Biology, Division of Experimental Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.

Advances in Cancer Research
|January 30, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers identified rare mammary stem cells (MaSCs) and breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) with shared features. Transplant and sequencing assays reveal their self-renewal and differentiation, crucial for understanding tissue regeneration and cancer growth.

Keywords:
BreastBreast cancer stem cellsLentiviral DNA barcodingLimiting dilution analysisMammary glandMammary repopulating unit (MRU) assayMammary stem cellsTumor initiating cell assay

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Area of Science:

  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Cancer Research
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Mammary gland and breast cancer tissues contain rare, self-renewing stem cells.
  • These stem cells, mammary epithelial stem cells (MaSCs) and breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs), share developmental and molecular characteristics.
  • Understanding these stem cells is key to comprehending tissue composition and cellular regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the concept and methodologies for investigating MaSCs and BCSCs.
  • To critically appraise markers and functional assays used for MaSC and BCSCs identification.
  • To enhance understanding of the heterogeneity and self-renewal capabilities of these stem cells.

Main Methods:

  • Transplant assays, including mammary repopulating unit (MRU) and tumor-initiating cell (TIC) assays.
  • Next-generation sequencing (NGS) with barcoded cells to analyze MaSC and BCSC heterogeneity.
  • Prospective enrichment of MaSCs and BCSCs using specific cell surface markers.

Main Results:

  • MaSCs and BCSCs possess latent self-renewal and hierarchical differentiation abilities.
  • Advanced sequencing revealed complex heterogeneity and variable growth potential within MaSC and BCSC populations.
  • Various markers can enrich for MaSCs and BCSCs, but their efficacy requires careful evaluation.

Conclusions:

  • MaSCs and BCSCs are critical for normal tissue regeneration and breast cancer initiation/progression.
  • Standardized functional assays and critical marker appraisal are essential for advancing stem cell research.
  • Further investigation into MaSC and BCSC biology will improve therapeutic strategies for breast cancer.