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Related Concept Videos

Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids02:26

Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

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Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
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Energy Bands in Solids01:01

Energy Bands in Solids

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Isolated atoms have discrete energy levels that are well described by the Bohr model. And, it quantifies the energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom as En. Higher quantum numbers 'n' yield less negative, closer electron energy levels.
 Band Formation:
When atoms are brought close together, as in a solid, these discrete energy levels begin to split due to the overlap of electron orbitals from adjacent atoms. This split occurs because of the Pauli exclusion principle, which states...
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Waste Water Derived Electroactive Microbial Biofilms: Growth, Maintenance, and Basic Characterization
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Characterizing preferential flow in landfilled municipal solid waste.

Wen-Jie Zhang1, Shan-Shan Yuan1

  • 1Department of Civil Engineering, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China.

Waste Management (New York, N.Y.)
|January 30, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Preferential flow in municipal solid waste (MSW) is significant, with most solute transport occurring through large pores. This flow is influenced by application rate, water content, and landfill depth.

Keywords:
Dye tracing testMunicipal solid wastePreferential flowSolute breakthrough test

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Characterization of Thermal Transport in One-dimensional Solid Materials
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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Engineering
  • Geotechnical Engineering
  • Hydrology

Background:

  • Municipal solid waste (MSW) exhibits preferential flow due to its porous nature with macropores and matrix.
  • Understanding preferential flow is crucial for predicting contaminant transport in landfills.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate and quantify preferential flow patterns within MSW.
  • To characterize the flow behavior using both qualitative and quantitative methods.

Main Methods:

  • Dye tracing and solute breakthrough tests were conducted on MSW samples from various landfill depths.
  • Digital image processing analyzed dye distribution after horizontal and vertical sectioning.
  • Regression analysis of breakthrough curves using a bimodal probability density model quantified flow characteristics.

Main Results:

  • Dye tracing indicated increased preferential flow with higher application rates, initial water content, and in shallower MSW.
  • Solute breakthrough tests revealed 55-70% of solute transported via large pores.
  • The proportion of solute movement through large pores decreased with landfill depth and age but increased with application rate.

Conclusions:

  • Preferential flow in MSW is a key transport mechanism, primarily through macropores.
  • Landfill depth, age, and operational parameters significantly influence preferential flow dynamics.
  • The findings support the use of dual-porosity models for simulating water and solute migration in MSW.