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Resistivity

Resistivity

When a voltage is applied to a conductor, an electrical field is generated, and charges in the conductor feel the force due to the electrical field. The current density that results depends on the electrical field and the properties of the material. In some materials, including metals at a given temperature, the current density is approximately proportional to the electrical field. In these cases, the current density can be modeled as:

Resistance

Resistance

When a current moves through any conductor, the conductor causes some level of difficulty for the current to flow. The measure of that difficulty is known as the resistance of the material and is represented by R. Every material has its own resistance. In the case of conductors, heat is emitted whenever a current passes through them. Resistance depends on the resistivity of the material. Resistivity is a characteristic of the material used to fabricate electrical components, whereas the...

Equivalent Resistance

Equivalent Resistance

In circuit analysis, situations often arise where resistors are neither in series nor parallel configurations. To tackle such scenarios, three-terminal equivalent networks like the wye (Y) (Figure 1 (a)) or tee (T) and delta (Δ) (Figure 1 (b)) or pi (π) networks come into play. These networks offer versatile solutions and are frequently encountered in various applications, including three-phase electrical systems, electrical filters, and matching networks.

Resistance and Conductance

Resistance and Conductance

A conductor's DC resistance at a given temperature is influenced by its resistivity, length, and cross-sectional area. Resistivity is an inherent property of the conductor material, with annealed copper serving as the international standard for measurement. For instance, the resistivity of hard-drawn aluminum at 20 degrees Celsius is 61% of the standard conductivity of annealed copper.
Various factors impact the resistance of a conductor. Spiraling in stranded conductors increases their...

Rolling Resistance

Rolling Resistance

When a solid cylinder rolls steadily on a rigid surface, the normal force applied by the surface on the cylinder is perpendicular to the tangent at the contact point. However, since no materials are entirely rigid, the surface's reaction to the cylinder involves a range of normal pressures.
For instance, imagine a hard cylinder rolling on a comparatively soft surface. The cylinder's weight compresses the surface beneath it. As the cylinder moves, the material in front of it slows down due to...

Vascular Resistance

Vascular Resistance

Vascular resistance is a critical concept in understanding blood flow dynamics in the circulatory system. It refers to the resistance that blood encounters as it flows through the blood vessels. This resistance is a key factor in determining blood pressure and cardiac workload.
The primary determinants of vascular resistance are vessel diameter, blood viscosity, and vessel length. Among these, vessel diameter plays the most significant role due to the fourth power relationship described by...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Treatment with Vancomycin Loaded Calcium Sulphate and Autogenous Bone in an Improved Rabbit Model of Bone Infection

Treatment with Vancomycin Loaded Calcium Sulphate and Autogenous Bone in an Improved Rabbit Model of Bone Infection

Published on: March 14, 2019

[Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci].

Shunji Takakura

Rinsho Byori. the Japanese Journal of Clinical Pathology

|January 30, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) control program in Kyoto significantly reduced VRE prevalence. Routine screening and infection control measures proved effective in managing VRE spread among hospital patients.

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Last Updated: Jan 30, 2026

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Published on: December 30, 2010

Area of Science:

Infectious Diseases
Microbiology
Public Health

Background:

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) emerged in Japan in 1996, with initially low incidence.
VRE poses a significant healthcare-associated infection (HAI) challenge globally.
Effective control strategies are crucial to mitigate VRE transmission in clinical settings.

Purpose of the Study:

To establish and evaluate a VRE control program in the Kyoto region.
To investigate the post-outbreak prevalence of VRE.
To assess the impact of laboratory-based screening and infection control measures on VRE spread.

Main Methods:

Organized the Kyoto VRE surveillance group and implemented a VRE control program from 2005 to 2010.
Conducted laboratory-based fecal VRE screening using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for vancomycin resistance genes.
Performed annual surveillance of hospital inpatients and promoted infection control measures.

Main Results:

Hospitals with routine laboratory-based fecal VRE screening showed significantly fewer VRE-detected patients.
Fecal VRE carriage rates increased until 2007 (1.2%), then decreased significantly by 2010 (0.17%).
The VRE control program successfully managed the overall spread of VRE in the Kyoto region despite initial increases.

Conclusions:

A comprehensive VRE control program, including laboratory screening and infection control, is effective in reducing VRE prevalence.
Routine VRE screening is a valuable tool for early detection and intervention.
Sustained efforts in infection control are essential for managing VRE in healthcare settings.