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Related Concept Videos

Liver Histology01:27

Liver Histology

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The microscopic anatomy of the liver is a complex and intricate system that comprises numerous structural units known as liver lobules, each of which is comparable in size to a sesame seed. These hexagonal structures consist of plates of liver cells or hepatocytes, which are characterized by their versatility and abundance of cellular apparatus like rough and smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, and mitochondria.
Hepatocytes perform a variety of essential functions. They secrete...
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Liver Physiology01:30

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The liver, an essential organ in the human body, performs over 200 vital functions that can be broadly categorized into metabolic, hematological, endocrine regulation, and bile production.
Metabolic Regulation:
The liver is the central organ involved in regulating blood composition. It stabilizes blood glucose levels, maintaining them within the range of  70–110 mg/dL. When these levels drop, the liver breaks down glycogen reserves and releases glucose into the bloodstream. It can...
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Liver Regeneration01:24

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The liver is an important organ in vertebrates that plays an essential role in metabolism. It is also responsible for storing and redistributing nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, and vitamins in the body. Additionally, the liver releases bile salts which are critical for digesting food and eliminating toxic metabolites from the body.
Cells of Liver
The liver comprises four major types of cells— hepatocytes, stellate, Kupffer, and sinusoidal endothelial cells. The hepatocytes are...
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Gross Anatomy of the Liver01:17

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The liver, the largest gland within the human body, is a firm and reddish-brown organ. This wedge-shaped structure weighs approximately 1.5 kg and occupies a significant portion of the right hypochondriac and epigastric regions. It extends more to the right of the body's midline than to the left.
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Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

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Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
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Cancer02:18

Cancer

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Cancers arise due to mutations in genes involved in the regulation of cell division, which leads to unrestricted cell proliferation. Modern science and medicine have made great strides in the understanding and treatment of cancer, including eradicating cancer in some patients. However, there is still no cure for cancer. This is largely due to the fact that cancer is a large group of many diseases.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

SUMO-Binding Entities SUBEs as Tools for the Enrichment, Isolation, Identification, and Characterization of the SUMO Proteome in Liver Cancer
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SUMO-Binding Entities SUBEs as Tools for the Enrichment, Isolation, Identification, and Characterization of the SUMO Proteome in Liver Cancer

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[Liver Cancer].

Tatsuya Yamashita, Shuichi Kaneko

    Rinsho Byori. the Japanese Journal of Clinical Pathology
    |January 30, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is decreasing in Japan due to lower viral hepatitis rates, but non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis (NASH) is rising. Diagnosis relies on imaging and tumor markers, with treatments tailored to tumor stage and liver function.

    Area of Science:

    • Hepatology and Oncology
    • Gastroenterology
    • Cancer Research

    Background:

    • Primary liver cancer in Japan is predominantly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma being less common.
    • While the prevalence and mortality of liver cancer are declining in Japan, there's a notable increase in HCC cases attributed to non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis (NASH).
    • Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are primary etiologies of HCC, but their incidence is decreasing.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the current landscape of liver cancer, particularly HCC, in Japan.
    • To discuss the changing etiological factors and characteristic pathogeneses of HCC.
    • To outline diagnostic approaches and treatment strategies for HCC based on Japanese clinical guidelines.

    Main Methods:

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    • Review of existing literature and clinical practice guidelines for HCC in Japan.
    • Analysis of etiological trends, diagnostic criteria, and treatment modalities.
    • Discussion of characteristic pathogeneses including multi-centric carcinogenesis, intrahepatic metastasis, and multi-step carcinogenesis.

    Main Results:

    • HCC diagnosis in Japan often occurs through surveillance or incidental imaging, with characteristic dynamic CT/MR findings (arterial phase hyperenhancement, portal/equilibrium phase washout).
    • Tumor markers such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), PIVKA-II, and AFP-L3 aid in HCC diagnosis.
    • Treatment selection for HCC is guided by tumor progression and hepatic reserve, encompassing surgery, ablation, TACE, chemotherapy (sorafenib), and radiation therapy.

    Conclusions:

    • Despite a general decrease in liver cancer rates, the rise of NASH-related HCC presents a new challenge.
    • Early diagnosis through surveillance and imaging, supported by tumor markers, is crucial for effective HCC management.
    • A multidisciplinary approach integrating surgery, local therapies, and systemic treatments, as outlined in clinical guidelines, is essential for managing HCC.