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Related Concept Videos

Behavior Modification01:21

Behavior Modification

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Behavioral approaches have often been criticized for ignoring mental processes and focusing solely on observable behavior. However, these approaches provide an optimistic perspective for individuals seeking to change their behaviors. Rather than concentrating on intrinsic personality traits, behavioral approaches suggest that even longstanding habits can be modified by changing the reward contingencies that maintain them.
A real-world application of operant conditioning principles is applied...
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Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
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Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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What is Behavior?00:54

What is Behavior?

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Behaviors are actions that an organism engages in—they can be related to finding food, reproducing, defending against threats, and many other possible actions. Behaviors include activities related to the environment around the animal—such as migration—as well as social interactions within a species or population. Many behaviors involve motor output—that is, muscle movements—while others involve less visible actions, such as learning.
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Protein Modifications in the RER01:26

Protein Modifications in the RER

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Modification of secretory and transmembrane proteins entering the rough ER begins in the ER lumen. These modifications aid in protein folding and stabilize the acquired tertiary structure. Protein modifications in the rough ER co-occur at different stages of protein folding.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats
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[Modification of the Rat Ethogram by Contagion Behavior].

D G Ivanov, N A Krupina

    Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deiatelnosti Imeni I P Pavlova
    |January 30, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    Rats exposed to a drinking conspecific exhibit contagious drinking behavior. This social influence reduces aggression and increases exploratory actions in viewer rats.

    Area of Science:

    • Ethology
    • Animal Behavior
    • Social Neuroscience

    Background:

    • Behavioral contagion, the tendency for an animal to mimic the behavior of a conspecific, is a well-documented phenomenon.
    • Previous research has identified social transmission of various behaviors, including feeding, mating, and distress.
    • The specific mechanisms and ethogrammatic changes associated with drinking contagion in rats remain less understood.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the ethogrammatic alterations in rats exhibiting behavioral contagion of drinking.
    • To quantify changes in behavior patterns using a transition probability matrix analysis.
    • To compare the behavioral repertoire of rats showing contagion versus those not exposed to the behavior.

    Main Methods:

    • A contagious behavior model was established using rats, focusing on drinking behavior.

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  • Rat-demonstrators exhibited drinking behavior in the presence of drink-unmotivated rat-viewers.
  • Ethograms of viewer rats were analyzed using a transition probabilities matrix to assess behavioral changes.

    • Main Results:

    • Rats exhibiting behavioral contagion showed a significant decrease in aggression and defensive behaviors.
    • Concurrently, there was a notable increase in exploratory activity and drinking behavior in contagion-exposed rats.
    • Exploratory approaches towards bottles also increased in rats demonstrating behavioral contagion.

    Conclusions:

    • Behavioral contagion of drinking in rats is associated with a distinct shift in their ethogram.
    • The observed changes suggest a modulation of behavioral priorities, favoring social mimicry and exploration over defensive actions.
    • Transition probability analysis provides a quantitative method for understanding the dynamics of social behavior transmission.