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    Area of Science:

    • Photonics and optical engineering
    • Integrated optics
    • Silicon photonics

    Background:

    • Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) are widely used in optical systems but are sensitive to temperature fluctuations.
    • Temperature-dependent shifts in the interference pattern can degrade device performance and limit applications.
    • Developing temperature-independent optical devices is crucial for stable and reliable photonic systems.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To design and demonstrate a novel all-silicon Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) filter that exhibits temperature independence.
    • To investigate the use of multimode waveguides within the MZI to achieve athermal operation.
    • To explore the application of the proposed MZI structure in compact, high-sensitivity sensing devices.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) architecture with two arms of equal length and width.
    • Employed multimode waveguides propagating different modes with distinct effective indices to create an optical path difference (OPD).
    • Experimentally demonstrated a single-channel MZI filter and characterized its temperature sensitivity and sensing capabilities.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved a temperature-independent MZI filter with low temperature sensitivity ranging from -20 to 10 pm/°C in the C-band.
    • Verified the operational principle through experimental measurements.
    • Demonstrated a compact sensor based on the single-channel MZI structure with a high sensitivity of 826 nm/RIU.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed all-silicon MZI design effectively mitigates temperature-induced shifts, enabling athermal operation.
    • The athermal MZI filter is suitable for stable optical signal processing in the C-band.
    • The MZI structure serves as a promising platform for developing highly sensitive compact optical sensors.