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Responses to Heat and Cold Stress

Responses to Heat and Cold Stress

Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.

Quantifying Heat

Quantifying Heat

Thermal Energy Microscopically, thermal energy is the kinetic energy associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules. Temperature is a quantitative measure of “hot” or “cold”, which depends on the amount of thermal energy. When the atoms and molecules in an object are moving or vibrating quickly, they have a higher average kinetic energy (KE) (or higher thermal energy), and the object is perceived as “hot”, or it is described as being at a higher...

Increased Body Temperature

Increased Body Temperature

A body temperature above 38°C (100.4 °F) is known as fever or pyrexia, and a person with fever is termed 'febrile.' Typically, the hypothalamus, a part of the brain that acts as the body's thermostat, regulates body temperature through a thermoregulatory setpoint. It receives signals from cold and warm thermal receptors throughout the body and adjusts the body's temperature accordingly. Fever occurs when this hypothalamic setpoint is altered, usually in...

Assessing Body Temperature - Rectal

Assessing Body Temperature - Rectal

Rectal temperature measurement is considered the most precise method for assessing core body temperature and typically registers higher than oral temperature. For adults, the rectal thermometer should be inserted 1 to 1.5 inches into the rectum to obtain the most accurate reading.
Follow these steps for rectal temperature assessment:
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don clean gloves to prevent cross-infection.
Step 2: Position the patient in a side-lying position to better visualize the rectal...

Assessing Body Temperature - Axilla

Assessing Body Temperature - Axilla

Procedural Guide for Assessing Axillary Body Temperature using a Digital Thermometer:
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and put on clean gloves to maintain infection control and prevent cross-contamination.
Step 2: Prepare the patient by explaining the procedure to ensure understanding and cooperation. Ensure privacy, expose the axilla, and inform the patient that minimal movement is crucial for an accurate reading.
Step 3: Adjust the patient’s clothing to expose only the axilla. It minimizes...

Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery

Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery

Here is a stepwise guide to assessing the body temperature at the temporal artery using a temporal artery thermometer
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don a fresh pair of gloves to prevent cross-infection and ensure patient safety.
Step 2: Explain the procedure to the patient to establish trust. Clear communication establishes trust with the patient, ensures they understand what to expect, promotes cooperation, and enhances comfort during the procedure.
Step 3: Assess the patient's...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 30, 2026

Protocol for Dengue Infections in Mosquitoes A. aegypti and Infection Phenotype Determination

Protocol for Dengue Infections in Mosquitoes A. aegypti and Infection Phenotype Determination

Published on: July 4, 2007

Dengue.

Annelies Wilder-Smith¹, Eng-Eong Ooi², Olaf Horstick³

¹London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.

Lancet (London, England)

|January 31, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Despite low mortality, severe dengue poses a significant health burden. Research is advancing diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines, but challenges remain in predicting severe disease and understanding vaccine efficacy.

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Last Updated: Apr 30, 2026

Protocol for Dengue Infections in Mosquitoes A. aegypti and Infection Phenotype Determination

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Published on: July 4, 2007

Visualizing Dengue Virus through Alexa Fluor Labeling

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Published on: July 9, 2011

A Murine Model of Dengue Virus-induced Acute Viral Encephalitis-like Disease

A Murine Model of Dengue Virus-induced Acute Viral Encephalitis-like Disease

Published on: April 28, 2019

Area of Science:

Medical Entomology
Infectious Diseases
Vaccinology

Background:

Severe dengue causes substantial economic and health service burdens in endemic areas.
Therapeutic development for dengue has lagged despite advances in understanding pathogenesis.
Antibody-dependent enhancement is a key dengue pathogenesis model, recently validated in vivo.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the current landscape of dengue management, diagnosis, and prevention.
To highlight ongoing research in therapeutics, diagnostics, and vaccines.
To emphasize the need for improved severe dengue prediction and intervention strategies.

Main Methods:

Review of current dengue management strategies, including supportive care and hydration.
Discussion of emerging diagnostic technologies, such as point-of-care nucleic acid amplification tests.
Examination of vaccine development, including the role of serostatus and correlates of protection.

Main Results:

Current management relies on observation and hydration for vascular leakage.
New diagnostic tools aim for improved accuracy and multiplexing capabilities.
Biomarker research seeks to predict severe dengue; vaccine efficacy is serostatus-dependent.

Conclusions:

Urgent need exists for effective dengue therapeutics and reliable biomarkers for severe disease prediction.
Understanding correlates of vaccine protection and disease enhancement is critical.
Integrating vector control with vaccination strategies requires further research and assessment.