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Related Concept Videos

Translation01:31

Translation

156.3K
Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...
156.3K
Translation01:31

Translation

17.8K
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
17.8K
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

39.0K
Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
39.0K
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

27.7K
The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
27.7K
Adult Stem Cells01:33

Adult Stem Cells

33.8K
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce more stem cells or progenitor cells that differentiate into mature, specialized cell types. All the cells in the body are generated from stem cells in the early embryo, but small populations of stem cells are also present in many adult tissues including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. These adult stem cells typically produce the various cell types found in that tissue—to replace cells that are damaged or to continuously...
33.8K
Embryonic Stem Cells00:58

Embryonic Stem Cells

32.4K
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
32.4K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Derivation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells from Murine Embryonic Stem Cells
22:06

Derivation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells from Murine Embryonic Stem Cells

Published on: February 25, 2007

14.0K

Translational Control in Stem Cells.

Soroush Tahmasebi1, Mehdi Amiri2,3, Nahum Sonenberg2,3

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.

Frontiers in Genetics
|January 31, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Stem cells maintain their undifferentiated state using low translation rates, which are crucial for self-renewal. Differentiation requires increased protein synthesis, highlighting translation

Keywords:
developmentmRNAprotein synthesisstem celltranslational control

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • mRNA translation significantly influences the cellular proteome in mammalian cells.
  • Embryonic and somatic stem cells rely on low translation rates to maintain pluripotency.
  • Controlled protein synthesis is essential for stem cell differentiation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore mechanisms governing translation control in stem cells.
  • To investigate the link between translation and stem cell differentiation.
  • To discuss the developmental impact of dysregulated translation.

Main Methods:

  • Simultaneous measurement of mRNA and protein abundance.
  • Analysis of protein turnover rates.
  • Comparative studies of translation in undifferentiated versus differentiated cells.

Main Results:

  • A substantial part of the proteome is regulated by mRNA translation.
  • Low translation rates are vital for maintaining stem cell pluripotency, independent of the cell cycle.
  • Inhibition of protein synthesis impedes stem cell differentiation.

Conclusions:

  • Stem cells employ unique strategies to regulate translation, decoupling it from cell cycle progression.
  • Aberrant translational control in stem cells can lead to developmental abnormalities.
  • Understanding translation regulation is key to controlling stem cell fate and development.