Primary immune regulatory disorders for the pediatric hematologist and oncologist: A case-based review

An array of monogenic immune defects marked by autoimmunity, lymphoproliferation, and hyperinflammation rather than infections have been described. Primary immune regulatory disorders pose a challenge to pediatric hematologists and oncologists. This paper focuses on primary immune regulatory disorders including autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) and ALPS-like syndromes, immunodysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked (IPEX) and IPEX-like disorders, common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), CVID-like, and late-onset combined immunodeficiency (CID) disorders. Hyperinflammatory disorders and those associated with increased susceptibility to lymphoid malignancies are also discussed. Using a case-based approach, a review of clinical pearls germane to the clinical and laboratory evaluation as well as the treatment of these disorders is provided.