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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Transformation01:33

Bacterial Transformation

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In 1928, bacteriologist Frederick Griffith worked on a vaccine for pneumonia, which is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria. Griffith studied two pneumonia strains in mice: one pathogenic and one non-pathogenic. Only the pathogenic strain killed host mice.
Griffith made an unexpected discovery when he killed the pathogenic strain and mixed its remains with the live, non-pathogenic strain. Not only did the mixture kill host mice, but it also contained living pathogenic bacteria that...
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Transformers01:26

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A device that transforms voltages from one value to another using induction is called a transformer. A transformer consists of two separate coils, or windings, wrapped around the same soft iron core. However, they are electrically insulated from each other.
The iron core has a substantial relative permeability. Therefore, the magnetic field lines generated due to the current in one winding are almost entirely confined within the core, such that the same magnetic flux permeates each turn of both...
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Transformation01:26

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Microbial communities are dynamic environments where cell lysis releases free DNA into the surroundings. Other cells can take up this extracellular DNA through a process known as transformation.When a cell incorporates this foreign DNA into its genome, resulting in genetic modification, the process is known as transformation. Cells capable of this process are termed competent. Competence can be natural, as observed in certain bacteria and archaea, or artificially induced in the...
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Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
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The Ideal Transformer01:26

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In single-phase two-winding transformers, two windings are coiled around a magnetic core characterized by cross-sectional area A and magnetic permeability μ. A phasor current i1 enters the left winding while i2 exits the right winding, establishing the fundamental working of the transformer through electromagnetic principles.
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Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children
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Transforming medicine with the microbiome.

Niv Zmora1,2,3, Eliran Soffer1, Eran Elinav4

  • 1Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.

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|February 1, 2019
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Summary

Microbiome research is advancing therapeutic development for many diseases. However, significant challenges hinder the translation of these discoveries into effective treatments.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiome research
  • Therapeutic development
  • Translational science

Background:

  • Recent advancements in understanding the human microbiome.
  • The potential of microbiome-based therapeutics for diverse diseases.
  • Existing hurdles in translating microbiome research findings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight key advances in microbiome research.
  • To discuss the development of novel microbiome therapeutics.
  • To identify and address persistent translational challenges.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current microbiome research literature.
  • Analysis of emerging therapeutic strategies targeting the microbiome.
  • Identification of common barriers in clinical translation.

Main Results:

  • Significant progress in characterizing microbial communities and their functions.
  • Emergence of promising microbiome-derived or modulated therapies.
  • Persistent challenges including standardization, safety, and efficacy validation.

Conclusions:

  • Microbiome research offers vast therapeutic potential.
  • Overcoming translational challenges is crucial for clinical success.
  • Further research and strategic development are needed to realize the full potential of microbiome therapeutics.