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Pharmaceutical Equivalents

Pharmaceutical Equivalents

As defined by regulatory standards, pharmaceutical equivalents require generic drug products to have identical dosage forms and chemically identical active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). They must adhere to compendial or applicable standards for potency, content uniformity, disintegration times, and dissolution rates. In the case of modified-release dosage forms, variations in drug content are permissible as long as the delivered amount remains consistent with the innovator drug product.

Molecules and Compounds

Molecules and Compounds

Atoms and Molecules

Elements and Compounds

Elements and Compounds

Pure substances consist of only one type of matter. A pure substance can be an element or a compound. An element consists of only one type of atom, while a compound consists of two or more types of atoms held together by a chemical bond.
Elements
Elements are classified as atomic or molecular based on the nature of their basic units. They are unique forms of matter with specific chemical and physical properties that cannot break down into smaller substances by ordinary chemical reactions. There...

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.

Organic Compounds

Organic Compounds

All living things are formed mostly of carbon compounds called organic compounds. The category of organic compounds includes both natural and synthetic compounds that contain carbon. Although a single, precise definition has yet to be identified by the chemistry community, most agree that a defining trait of organic molecules is the presence of carbon as the principal element, bonded to hydrogen and other carbon atoms. However, some carbon-containing compounds such as carbonates, cyanides, and...

States of Water

States of Water

Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
Water freezes when the intermolecular forces are greater than the kinetic energy. Unlike most other substances, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state. This is because each water molecule can form...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Murine Drinking Models in the Development of Pharmacotherapies for Alcoholism: Drinking in the Dark and Two-bottle Choice

Murine Drinking Models in the Development of Pharmacotherapies for Alcoholism: Drinking in the Dark and Two-bottle Choice

Published on: January 7, 2019

Pharmaceutical Compounds in Drinking Water.

Vikas Chander¹, Bhavtosh Sharma², Vipul Negi³

¹Department of Chemistry, DAV (PG) College, Dehradun, Uttarakhand.

Journal of Xenobiotics

|February 1, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Pharmaceutical waste significantly pollutes water sources in India due to large-scale production and inadequate regulations. This study examines pharmaceutical pollutants, their environmental fate, and impact on water quality.

Keywords:

Pharmaceutical effluent fate and water pollution pharmaceutical global market

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Visualizing and Quantifying Pharmaceutical Compounds within Skin using Coherent Raman Scattering Imaging

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Published on: November 24, 2021

Area of Science:

Environmental Science
Environmental Chemistry
Ecotoxicology

Background:

Pharmaceutical products and their waste are significant environmental pollutants.
Detected concentrations of pharmaceutical substances in various water bodies (surface, subsurface, ground, wastewater, effluents).
Government incentives promote large-scale pharmaceutical production, leading to complex, non-biodegradable waste.

Purpose of the Study:

To focus on water quality pollution by pharmaceutical pollutants.
To investigate the occurrence, nature, and metabolites of pharmaceutical contaminants.
To understand the environmental fate of pharmaceutical pollutants.

Main Methods:

Detection of pharmaceutical substances using advanced instrumental techniques.
Analysis of water samples from various sources (surface water, groundwater, wastewater, effluents).
Assessment of pharmaceutical pollutant characteristics and environmental behavior.

Main Results:

Pharmaceutical pollutants are widespread in diverse water sources.
Complex, non-biodegradable toxic wastes are released into the environment.
Contamination of drinking water sources by pharmaceutical waste is a major concern.

Conclusions:

Pharmaceutical waste poses a significant threat to water quality.
Lack of strong environmental regulations exacerbates the pollution problem.
Further research is needed on the fate and impact of these pollutants.