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Related Concept Videos

Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

16.6K
An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
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Inflammatory Response II: Inflammatory Exudate and Tissue Repair01:24

Inflammatory Response II: Inflammatory Exudate and Tissue Repair

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The immune system's inflammatory response destroys the invading pathogen, permitting the tissue to heal. The changes during the cellular and vascular stages allow exudate formation at the site of inflammation. The inflammatory exudate released from the wound has high protein content and a specific gravity above 1.020.
The typical wound exudate is odorless, transparent, straw-colored, thin, and watery. Exudate, however, can differ depending on the state of wound healing. Likewise, the...
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Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular01:30

Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular

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The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...
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Regulation of the Unfolded Protein Response01:31

Regulation of the Unfolded Protein Response

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Inositol-requiring kinase one or IRE1 is the most conserved eukaryotic unfolded protein response (UPR) receptor. It is a type I transmembrane protein kinase receptor with a distinctive site-specific RNase activity. As the binding mechanics of the misfolded proteins with the N-terminal domain of IRE-1 are unclear, three binding models — direct, indirect, and allosteric -- are proposed for receptor activation. Nevertheless, it is known that once a misfolded protein associates with IRE1, it...
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Regulated Protein Degradation02:58

Regulated Protein Degradation

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It is vital to regulate the activity of enzymatic as well as non-enzymatic proteins inside the cell. This can be achieved either through creating a balance between their rate of synthesis and degradation or regulating the intrinsic activity of the protein. Both these regulation mechanisms play an essential role in the normal functioning of cells.
Protein degradation plays two important roles in the cells. It helps to protect cells from misfolded or damaged proteins before they lead to a...
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Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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Screening Assays to Characterize Novel Endothelial Regulators Involved in the Inflammatory Response
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Screening Assays to Characterize Novel Endothelial Regulators Involved in the Inflammatory Response

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Platelet-derived β2M regulates monocyte inflammatory responses.

Zachary T Hilt1, Daphne N Pariser1, Sara K Ture1

  • 1Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute.

JCI Insight
|February 1, 2019
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Summary

Platelet beta-2 Microglobulin (β2M) regulates monocyte inflammation, opposing TGFβ signaling. Its absence in platelets leads to altered immune responses and impaired heart function after injury.

Keywords:
PlateletsVascular Biology

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cardiovascular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Beta-2 Microglobulin (β2M) is known as a chaperone protein, but also has independent functions.
  • Elevated β2M is linked to cognitive decline and cardiovascular risks.
  • Platelets, beyond clotting, are immune regulators releasing inflammatory molecules.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of platelet-derived β2M in monocyte differentiation.
  • To explore the chaperone-independent functions of β2M in immune regulation.
  • To understand the impact of platelet β2M on tissue injury response.

Main Methods:

  • Generated mice lacking β2M specifically in platelets (Plt-β2M-/-).
  • Analyzed monocyte phenotypes in Plt-β2M-/- and wild-type (WT) mice.
  • Utilized a mouse myocardial infarction (MI) model to assess post-injury responses.

Main Results:

  • Platelet-derived β2M mediates monocyte proinflammatory differentiation via TGFβ signaling.
  • Monocytes from Plt-β2M-/- mice exhibited a proreparative phenotype.
  • Plt-β2M-/- mice showed altered post-MI inflammation, impaired cardiac function, and profibrotic responses.

Conclusions:

  • Platelet β2M has a novel, chaperone-independent role in regulating monocyte phenotype.
  • Platelet β2M and TGFβ have opposing effects on monocyte differentiation.
  • These findings highlight a new mechanism in tissue injury and repair involving platelet-derived factors.