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Related Concept Videos

Weak Base Solutions03:21

Weak Base Solutions

25.1K
Some compounds produce hydroxide ions when dissolved by chemically reacting with water molecules. In all cases, these compounds react only partially and so are classified as weak bases. These types of compounds are also abundant in nature and important commodities in various technologies. For example, global production of the weak base ammonia is typically well over 100 metric tons annually, being widely used as an agricultural fertilizer, a raw material for chemical synthesis of other...
25.1K
Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base03:55

Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base

49.2K
Calculating pH for Titration Solutions: Weak Acid/Strong Base
For the titration of 25.00 mL of 0.100 M CH3CO2H with 0.100 M NaOH, the reaction can be represented as:
49.2K
Titration of a Weak Acid with a Weak Base01:08

Titration of a Weak Acid with a Weak Base

4.9K
Weak acids and bases do not undergo dissociation completely, and titrations between these two are rarely studied. When such studies are performed, say, for the titration of a weak acid with a weak base, the titration curve plots the change in pH as a function of the volume of base added. Take the titration of acetic acid with ammonia, for instance. During the titration, these two species form ammonium acetate and water, but the pH change is slow and gradual.
As a result, there is no simple...
4.9K
Weak Acid Solutions04:02

Weak Acid Solutions

43.0K
Few compounds act as strong acids. A far greater number of compounds behave as weak acids and only partially react with water, leaving a large majority of dissolved molecules in their original form and generating a relatively small amount of hydronium ions. Weak acids are commonly encountered in nature, being the substances partly responsible for the tangy taste of citrus fruits, the stinging sensation of insect bites, and the unpleasant smells associated with body odor. A familiar example of a...
43.0K
Crossed Aldol Reaction Using Weak Bases01:14

Crossed Aldol Reaction Using Weak Bases

2.7K
This lesson deals with the crossed aldol reaction using weak bases. The self-condensation of an aldehyde having α hydrogen is prevented by adding it slowly to a mixture of formaldehyde and weak bases like hydroxide and alkoxide. Upon slow addition of the aldehyde, the base deprotonates the α carbon of the aldehyde to form the corresponding enolate. The enolate subsequently attacks the formaldehyde to form a single crossed product. Figure 1 depicts the aforementioned reaction.
2.7K
Titration of a Weak Base with a Strong Acid01:20

Titration of a Weak Base with a Strong Acid

8.9K
The titration curve of a weak base like ammonia with a strong acid like hydrochloric acid is the mirror image of the titration curve of a weak acid with a strong base.
Using the ICE table and substituting the Kb value, we calculate the initial pH of 50 mL of 0.1 M ammonia to be 11.11. Addition of 25 mL of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid to this solution of ammonia results in a buffer with an equal concentration of ammonia and ammonium ions. The pH of this buffer can be calculated by substituting these...
8.9K

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Writing Bragg Gratings in Multicore Fibers
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Spectral shadowing suppression technique in phase-OTDR sensing based on weak fiber Bragg grating array.

Veronica de Miguel Soto, Johan Jason, Deniz Kurtoğlu

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    |February 1, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    A new postprocessing method effectively suppresses spectral shadowing in phase-OTDR systems. This technique enhances vibration measurements by improving signal clarity in fiber optic sensing.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Fiber Optic Sensing
    • Signal Processing

    Background:

    • Spectral shadowing is a significant challenge in phase-OTDR systems, degrading measurement accuracy.
    • Weak fiber Bragg gratings are commonly used in phase-OTDR, but can exacerbate spectral shadowing.
    • Accurate vibration measurements rely on minimizing noise and artifacts in phase-OTDR signals.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and validate a postprocessing procedure for suppressing spectral shadowing in phase-OTDR.
    • To theoretically analyze interfering signals and derive a compensation method.
    • To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in simulated and experimental vibration measurements.

    Main Methods:

    • Theoretical analysis of interfering signals in phase-OTDR.
    • Development of a postprocessing compensation method.
    • Application and validation using simulated and experimental phase-OTDR data.
    • Utilizing Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) for result analysis.

    Main Results:

    • The proposed postprocessing procedure successfully suppresses spectral shadowing.
    • Theoretical analysis identified a viable compensation strategy for interfering signals.
    • Experimental results confirmed the method's efficacy in vibration measurements.
    • FFT analysis verified the significant reduction of spectral shadowing.

    Conclusions:

    • The presented postprocessing method is effective in mitigating spectral shadowing in phase-OTDR.
    • This approach enhances the reliability and accuracy of vibration measurements using fiber optic sensing.
    • The theoretical framework and experimental validation support the widespread applicability of this technique.