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The Periodic Table03:25

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As early chemists discovered more elements, they realized that various elements could be grouped by their similar chemical behaviors. One such grouping includes lithium (Li), sodium (Na), and potassium (K). All of these elements are shiny, conduct heat and electricity well, and have similar chemical properties. A second grouping includes calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), and barium (Ba), which also are shiny, good conductors of heat and electricity, and have chemical properties in common. However,...
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A chemical symbol is an abbreviation used to indicate an element or an atom of an element. For example, the symbol for mercury is Hg. The same symbol is used to indicate one atom of mercury (microscopic domain) or to label a container of many atoms of the element mercury (macroscopic domain).
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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their electron configurations are added to the table, a periodic recurrence of similar electron configurations in the outer shells of these elements is observed. Because they are in the outer shells of an atom, valence electrons play the most important role in chemical reactions. The outer electrons have the highest energy of the electrons in an atom...
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Elements are the smallest units of matter that cannot be broken down further by chemical processes. There are 118 known elements, but not all of these are naturally occurring, and only a few of them are essential for life. Living matter is composed primarily of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen, with smaller amounts of other elements like calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur. Other elements are also necessary for life but only in trace amounts.
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Rare earth elements: Mendeleev's bane, modern marvels.

Thibault Cheisson1, Eric J Schelter2

  • 1P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

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Separating rare earth elements (REs) is crucial for technology. Improved separation methods are needed to ensure a sustainable, circular economy for these vital elements.

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Area of Science:

  • Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Rare earths (REs) are 17 chemically similar elements with unique electronic properties vital for modern technologies.
  • Separating individual RE elements has been a persistent challenge since their discovery.
  • The growing reliance on REs in technology necessitates sustainable sourcing and recycling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the importance of rare earth element separation in chemistry and technology.
  • To review the historical and current methods for separating rare earths.
  • To emphasize the need for advanced separation techniques for a circular rare earth economy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical separation techniques, including crystallization.
  • Analysis of modern solvent extraction schemes for rare earth separation.
  • Discussion of recent research focusing on improved separation efficiency and sustainability.

Main Results:

  • Rare earth elements possess distinct electronic properties despite their chemical similarities.
  • Separation of rare earths has advanced from basic crystallization to sophisticated solvent extraction.
  • Current technological dependence on REs drives the need for sustainable and circular economy approaches.

Conclusions:

  • Efficient separation of rare earths is critical for their application in diverse technologies.
  • Advancements in separation science are essential for addressing sustainability concerns.
  • Developing circular economy models for rare earths requires innovative separation strategies.