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Related Concept Videos

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Coronary Circulation

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The heart, an organ critical to survival, gets nourishment not from the blood it pumps but from a separate circulation system known as coronary circulation. This is the shortest circulation in the body and is responsible for supplying the heart with the nutrients it needs to function effectively.
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The pulmonary circulation is a vital system in our body that acts as a bridge between the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. It serves as a transport network for deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and then returns oxygen-rich blood back to the heart.
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Cruise control systems in cars are designed as multi-input systems to maintain a driver's desired speed while compensating for external disturbances such as changes in terrain. The block diagram for a cruise control system typically includes two main inputs: the desired speed set by the driver and any external disturbances, such as the incline of the road. By adjusting the engine throttle, the system maintains the vehicle's speed as close to the desired value as possible.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Tick Microbiome Characterization by Next-Generation 16S rRNA Amplicon Sequencing
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Multi-Method Characterization of the Human Circulating Microbiome.

Emma Whittle1, Martin O Leonard2, Rebecca Harrison1

  • 1School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom.

Frontiers in Microbiology
|February 2, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The blood microbiome, previously thought sterile, contains bacterial DNA and RNA. This study identified dominant bacterial phyla and suggests oral or skin origins, with cultures confirming microbial presence.

Keywords:
biomarker (development)blood microbiomehumannext gen sequencing (NGS)unmapped reads

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The human microbiome encompasses microbial communities in various body sites.
  • The presence of microorganisms in traditionally sterile locations like blood is a recent area of research.
  • Bacterial DNA in blood has been detected, but its origin remains debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively characterize the blood microbiome using molecular and microbiological techniques.
  • To investigate the origin of bacterially derived nucleic acids in blood.
  • To explore the existence of a core blood microbiome in healthy and asthmatic individuals.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of plasma samples from healthy and asthmatic subjects (n=5 each).
  • DNA-level analysis via 16S rRNA gene amplification and sequencing.
  • RNA-level analysis using de novo assembly of unmapped mRNA reads.
  • Complementary classical aerobic and anaerobic microbial cultures.

Main Results:

  • The blood microbiome was predominantly composed of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes.
  • Detected phyla were consistent across DNA and RNA analyses and aligned with previous studies.
  • In silico comparison suggested oral or skin microbial communities as likely sources.
  • Microbial cultures were positive in 80% of the samples, indicating viable organisms.

Conclusions:

  • Evidence supports the existence of a core blood microbiome.
  • Findings provide insights into the potential sources of bacterial nucleic acids in blood.
  • The study highlights the importance of rigorous experimental methods in microbiome research.