Morphology-Controlled Metal Sulfides and Phosphides for Electrochemical Water Splitting

Because H₂ is considered a promising clean energy source, water electrolysis has attracted great interest in related research and technology. Noble-metal-based catalysts are used as electrode materials in water electrolyzers, but their high cost and low abundance have impeded them from being used in practical areas. Recently, metal sulfides and phosphides based on earth-abundant transition metals have emerged as promising candidates for efficient water-splitting catalysts. Most studies have focused on adjusting the composition of the metal sulfides and phosphides to enhance the catalytic performance. However, morphology control of catalysts, including faceted and hollow structures, is much less explored for these systems because of difficulties in the synthesis, which requires a deep understanding of the nanocrystal growth process. Herein, representative synthetic methods for morphology-controlled metal sulfides and phosphides are introduced to provide insights into these methodologies. The electrolytic performance of morphology-controlled metal sulfide- and phosphide-based nanocatalysts with enhanced surface area and intrinsically high catalytic activity is also summarized and the future research directions for this promising catalyst group is discussed.