Late-onset Alzheimer Disease.

Area of Science:

• Neurology
• Geriatrics
• Public Health

Background:

• Alzheimer disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia in older adults.
• An estimated 5.7 million Americans live with AD dementia, a number projected to rise due to an aging population.
• Risk factors include vascular issues, sleep disorders, and head trauma, while cognitive and physical activity may reduce risk.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, biomarkers, and treatment of late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD).
• To highlight the role of neurologists in AD diagnosis and care.
• To discuss emerging biomarkers transforming AD research and clinical practice.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of epidemiology, risk factors, clinical diagnosis, biomarkers, and treatment of late-onset AD.
• Discussion of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele as a primary genetic risk factor.
• Overview of emerging cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and imaging biomarkers for AD neuropathology.

Main Results:

• Late-onset AD presents challenges in diagnosis due to non-specific symptoms like memory loss.
• Biomarkers can now detect key neuropathologic features (amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, neurodegeneration) in living individuals.
• Comprehensive treatment involves symptomatic medications, managing comorbidities, and supportive care.

Conclusions:

• Neurologists play a crucial role in setting standards for AD diagnosis and patient care.
• Emerging biomarkers are revolutionizing AD research and are poised for clinical integration.
• A multidisciplinary approach is essential for managing AD, encompassing medical, supportive, and safety aspects.