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Related Concept Videos

The Photochemical Reaction Center01:29

The Photochemical Reaction Center

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Reaction centers are pigment-protein complexes that initiate energy conversion from photons to chemical entities. Therefore, photochemical reaction center is a more appropriate term that describes these complexes. The Nobel laureates Robert Emerson and William Arnold provided the first experimental evidence of photochemical reaction centers by demonstrating the participation of nearly 2,500 chlorophyll molecules for the release of just one molecule of oxygen. Despite thousands of photosynthetic...
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The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
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Some cycloaddition reactions are activated by heat, while others are initiated by light. For example, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition between two ethylene molecules occurs only in the presence of light. It is photochemically allowed but thermally forbidden.
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Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
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Most chemical reactions in cells require enzymes—biological catalysts that speed up the reaction without being consumed or permanently changed. They reduce the activation energy needed to convert the reactants into products. Enzymes are proteins, that usually work by binding to a substrate—a reactant molecule that they act upon.
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Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) is a powerful analytical technique used in mass spectrometry. It enables the identification and characterization of various biomolecules, including proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. MALDI is an ionization technique, widely employed in biological and medical research, as well as in fields like pharmacology and biochemistry.The analyte of interest, a biomolecule or a mixture of biomolecules, is mixed with a suitable matrix...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Rat Model of Photochemically-Induced Posterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
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Non-photochemical laser-induced nucleation.

Andrew J Alexander1, Philip J Camp1

  • 1School of Chemistry, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, Scotland.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|February 3, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Non-photochemical laser-induced nucleation (NPLIN) uses light to create new phases from unstable ones. This study explores NPLIN

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Optics

Background:

  • Non-photochemical laser-induced nucleation (NPLIN) describes light-induced phase transitions.
  • NPLIN utilizes millijoule, nanosecond laser pulses in visible and near-infrared spectra.
  • Laser polarization can influence polymorph formation in molecular solid nucleation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the discovery and phenomenology of NPLIN.
  • To outline putative molecular-scale mechanisms of NPLIN.
  • To provide observations on broader nucleation phenomena.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized millijoule, nanosecond laser pulses.
  • Employed visible and near-infrared wavelengths.
  • Investigated laser polarization effects on molecular solid nucleation.

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Last Updated: Jan 30, 2026

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Main Results:

  • Demonstrated localized new phase formation within laser beam volume.
  • Observed influence of laser polarization on polymorph selection.
  • Highlighted uncertainty in the molecular-scale mechanism of NPLIN.

Conclusions:

  • NPLIN offers significant potential for applications.
  • Understanding NPLIN mechanisms is crucial for its advancement.
  • NPLIN mechanisms may offer insights into general nucleation phenomena.