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Alkali Metals

Alkali Metals

Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals

The Pauli Exclusion Principle

The Pauli Exclusion Principle

The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is called its electron configuration. We describe an electron configuration with a symbol that contains three pieces of information:

Diffusion

Diffusion

Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...

Diffusion

Diffusion

Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...

Properties of Transition Metals

Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.

The Uncertainty Principle

The Uncertainty Principle

Werner Heisenberg considered the limits of how accurately one can measure properties of an electron or other microscopic particles. He determined that there is a fundamental limit to how accurately one can measure both a particle’s position and its momentum simultaneously. The more accurate the measurement of the momentum of a particle is known, the less accurate the position at that time is known and vice versa. This is what is now called the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. He...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Non-aqueous Electrode Processing and Construction of Lithium-ion Coin Cells

Non-aqueous Electrode Processing and Construction of Lithium-ion Coin Cells

Published on: February 1, 2016

First principles studies of self-diffusion processes on metallic lithium surfaces.

Daniel Gaissmaier¹, Donato Fantauzzi¹, Timo Jacob¹

¹Helmholtz-Institute Ulm (HIU) for Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtzstr. 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.

The Journal of Chemical Physics

|February 3, 2019

Summary

Researchers investigated lithium metal battery stability using atomistic simulations. They identified the most stable lithium surface and diffusion mechanisms, providing data for improved battery design and safety.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrochemistry
Computational Physics

Background:

Rechargeable lithium metal batteries offer high energy density but face safety challenges due to dendrite formation.
Lithium dendrites impede commercialization, necessitating fundamental research into lithium's behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the bulk and surface properties of metallic lithium at an atomistic level.
To identify the most stable lithium surface and understand self-diffusion mechanisms.
To provide data for experimental verification and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations.

Main Methods:

Density functional theory (DFT) was employed to study lithium's properties.
Nudged elastic band (NEB) calculations were performed to analyze diffusion processes.
Activation barriers and pre-exponential factors for diffusion were determined.

Main Results:

The body-centered cubic (bcc) Li(100) surface was identified as the most stable metallic lithium surface.
Self-diffusion mechanisms on perfect and imperfect Li(100) surfaces were characterized.
Activation temperatures and reaction rates for diffusion processes were derived.

Conclusions:

Understanding lithium surface stability and diffusion is crucial for mitigating dendrite formation.
The study provides essential parameters for advanced battery modeling and development.
This research contributes to enhancing the safety and performance of lithium metal batteries.