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Related Concept Videos

Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids02:26

Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

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Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
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Levels of Organization01:09

Levels of Organization

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Biological organization is the classification of biological structures, ranging from atoms at the bottom of the hierarchy to the Earth's biosphere. Each level of the hierarchy represents an increase in complexity that builds upon the previous level.
Molecules Are Composed of Atoms, and Biomolecules Are Assembled from Molecules:
The most basic levels include atoms, molecules, and biomolecules. Atoms, the smallest unit of ordinary matter, are composed of a nucleus and electrons. Molecules...
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Murine Corneal Transplantation: A Model to Study the Most Common Form of Solid Organ Transplantation
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Biomarkers in Solid Organ Transplantation.

John Choi1, Albana Bano1, Jamil Azzi1

  • 1Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

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|February 3, 2019
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Researchers are exploring noninvasive biomarkers for solid organ injury to enhance patient care. This review covers current biomarkers, their lab processing, and emerging markers in transplantation.

Keywords:
AllograftBiomarkerRejectionTransplantTransplant immunology

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Area of Science:

  • Transplantation Science
  • Biomarker Discovery
  • Clinical Chemistry

Background:

  • Solid organ transplantation is a critical medical intervention.
  • Monitoring for solid organ injury remains a challenge in clinical practice.
  • Noninvasive biomarkers offer a promising avenue for improved patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical utility of established noninvasive biomarkers for solid organ injury.
  • To discuss the laboratory processing and interpretation of these biomarkers.
  • To highlight novel biomarkers currently under investigation in transplantation.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of noninvasive biomarkers in solid organ injury.
  • Analysis of biomarker processing in clinical laboratory settings.
  • Categorization of biomarkers based on clinical application and research aims.

Main Results:

  • Established biomarkers show variable clinical usefulness, necessitating careful interpretation.
  • Laboratory workflows are crucial for accurate biomarker assessment.
  • Several innovative biomarkers are emerging with potential for future clinical application.

Conclusions:

  • Noninvasive biomarkers are essential for advancing patient care in solid organ transplantation.
  • Understanding biomarker processing is key to their effective clinical use.
  • Continued research into novel markers will further refine injury detection and management.