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Related Concept Videos

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Hydronium and hydroxide ions are present both in pure water and in all aqueous solutions, and their concentrations are inversely proportional as determined by the ion product of water (Kw). The concentrations of these ions in a solution are often critical determinants of the solution’s properties and the chemical behaviors of its other solutes. Two different solutions can differ in their hydronium or hydroxide ion concentrations by a million, billion, or even trillion times. A common means of...
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Scaling01:26

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In designing and analyzing filters, resonant circuits, or circuit analysis at large, working with standard element values like 1 ohm, 1 henry, or 1 farad can be convenient before scaling these values to more realistic figures. This approach is widely utilized by not employing realistic element values in numerous examples and problems; it simplifies mastering circuit analysis through convenient component values. The complexity of calculations is thereby reduced, with the understanding that...
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Any physical property that depends consistently and reproducibly on temperature can be used as the basis of a thermometer. For example, volume increases with temperature for most substances. This property is the basis for the common alcohol thermometer and the original mercury thermometers. Other properties used to measure temperature include electrical resistance, color, and the emission of infrared radiation.
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The definition of temperature in terms of molecular motion suggests that there should be a lowest possible temperature, where the average kinetic energy of molecules is zero (or the minimum allowed by quantum mechanics). Experiments confirm the existence of such a temperature, called absolute zero. An absolute temperature scale is one whose zero point is absolute zero. Such scales are convenient in science because several physical quantities, such as the volume of an ideal gas, are directly...
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The Stereotype Content Model (SCM) was first proposed by Susan Fiske and her colleagues (Fiske, Cuddy, Glick & Xu, 2002; see also Fiske, 2012 and Fiske, 2017). The SCM specifies that when someone encounters a new group, they will stereotype them based on two metrics: warmth—or that group’s perceived intent, and how likely they are to provide help or inflict harm—and competence—or their ability to carry out that objective. Depending on the warmth-competence...
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When organisms require the same limited resources within an environment, they may have to compete for them. Competition is a net-negative interaction. Even if two competing individuals or populations do not interact directly, the overall fitness of both competitors is lowered as a result of not having full access to the limited resource.
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Transplantation of Zebrafish Pediatric Brain Tumors into Immune-competent Hosts for Long-term Study of Tumor Cell Behavior and Drug Response
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Scaling of Host Competence.

Cynthia J Downs1, Laura A Schoenle2, Barbara A Han3

  • 1Department of Biology, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY 13425, USA.

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|February 3, 2019
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Large hosts can be more competent for West Nile virus and Lyme disease, but small hosts are disproportionately more competent for rabies, impacting disease risk differently based on host size and abundance.

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Epidemiology
  • Disease Ecology

Background:

  • Host body size is a critical factor influencing host competence and disease transmission dynamics.
  • Previous epidemiological models have not fully integrated the complex relationship between host size, abundance, and infection risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and apply a novel framework to assess how interspecific variation in host body size affects host competence and disease emergence.
  • To differentiate the impact of host body size on the transmission of distinct pathogens, including West Nile virus, Lyme disease, and rabies.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a new theoretical framework incorporating allometric scaling principles.
  • Analyzed the interplay between host body size, host abundance, and host competence for specific pathogens.

Main Results:

  • For West Nile virus and Lyme disease, larger hosts exhibit greater competence, though their lower abundance may reduce local disease impact.
  • For rabies, smaller hosts demonstrate disproportionately higher competence, an effect amplified by their higher population densities.
  • Findings challenge previous epidemiological models by highlighting size-dependent variations in host competence.

Conclusions:

  • Interspecific variation in body size significantly influences host competence and the dynamics of infectious disease emergence and spread.
  • Future research should integrate host body size and abundance to accurately predict disease risk and transmission patterns.