Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

16.0K
T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
16.0K
Correlations02:20

Correlations

35.9K
Correlation means that there is a relationship between two or more variables (such as ice cream consumption and crime), but this relationship does not necessarily imply cause and effect. When two variables are correlated, it simply means that as one variable changes, so does the other. We can measure correlation by calculating a statistic known as a correlation coefficient. A correlation coefficient is a number from -1 to +1 that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between...
35.9K
Correlation and Causation01:27

Correlation and Causation

42.5K
Statistical tests can calculate whether there is a relationship, or correlation, between independent and dependent variables. An indirect relationship of the variables signifies a correlation, while a direct relationship shows causation. If it is determined that no connection exists between the variables, then the correlation is a coincidence.
Correlation versus Causation
If the dependent variable increases or decreases when the independent variable increases, there is a positive or negative...
42.5K
tRNA Activation02:26

tRNA Activation

22.9K
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are present in both eukaryotes and bacteria. Though eukaryotes have 20 different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to couple to 20 amino acids, many bacteria do not have genes for all of these aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Despite this, they still use all 20 amino acids to synthesize their proteins. For instance, some bacteria do not have the gene encoding the enzyme that couples glutamine with its partner tRNA. In these organisms, one enzyme adds glutamic acid to all of the...
22.9K
Correlation01:09

Correlation

15.1K
In statistics, two variables are said to be correlated if the values of one variable are associated with the other variable. Depending on the relationship between two variables, correlation can be of three types– positive correlation, negative correlation, and zero correlation.
Two variables, for example, a and b, are said to be positively correlated if both variables move in the same direction. In other words, a positive correlation exists between two variables, a and b, if:
15.1K
Vision01:24

Vision

60.0K
Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
60.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Modeling spatial contrast sensitivity in responses of primate retinal ganglion cells to natural movies.

PLoS computational biology·2026
Same author

Spatial Adaptation of Primate Retinal Ganglion Cells Between Artificial and Natural Stimuli.

eNeuro·2026
Same author

[Remodeling of the internal retina-Implications for targeted optogenetics].

Die Ophthalmologie·2026
Same author

Learning to cluster neuronal function.

ArXiv·2025
Same author

Filter-based models of suppression in retinal ganglion cells: Comparison and generalization across species and stimuli.

PLoS computational biology·2025
Same author

Nonlinear receptive fields evoke redundant retinal coding of natural scenes.

Nature·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

An Isolated Retinal Preparation to Record Light Response from Genetically Labeled Retinal Ganglion Cells
13:02

An Isolated Retinal Preparation to Record Light Response from Genetically Labeled Retinal Ganglion Cells

Published on: January 26, 2011

17.3K

Activity Correlations between Direction-Selective Retinal Ganglion Cells Synergistically Enhance Motion Decoding from

Norma Krystyna Kühn1, Tim Gollisch1

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.

Neuron
|February 3, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Direction-selective ganglion cells retain direction preference during complex visual motion. Population activity and response correlations enhance motion decoding, improving feature extraction in natural scenes.

Keywords:
correlationsdirection selectivityfeature extractionlinear decodermodelpopulation coderetinal ganglion cellssynergytexture motionvision

More Related Videos

Testing Visual Sensitivity to the Speed and Direction of Motion in Lizards
12:30

Testing Visual Sensitivity to the Speed and Direction of Motion in Lizards

Published on: December 14, 2006

12.0K
Transfection of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells by in vivo Electroporation
05:26

Transfection of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells by in vivo Electroporation

Published on: April 17, 2011

16.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 30, 2026

An Isolated Retinal Preparation to Record Light Response from Genetically Labeled Retinal Ganglion Cells
13:02

An Isolated Retinal Preparation to Record Light Response from Genetically Labeled Retinal Ganglion Cells

Published on: January 26, 2011

17.3K
Testing Visual Sensitivity to the Speed and Direction of Motion in Lizards
12:30

Testing Visual Sensitivity to the Speed and Direction of Motion in Lizards

Published on: December 14, 2006

12.0K
Transfection of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells by in vivo Electroporation
05:26

Transfection of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells by in vivo Electroporation

Published on: April 17, 2011

16.1K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Computational Neuroscience
  • Retinal Physiology

Background:

  • Neurons in sensory systems are tuned to specific stimulus features.
  • Complex naturalistic stimulation presents challenges for decoding individual features due to simultaneous multi-feature effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how direction-selective ganglion cells represent features under complex, naturalistic visual stimulation.
  • To understand the role of neuronal population activity and correlations in resolving feature ambiguity.

Main Methods:

  • Studied direction-selective ganglion cells in salamander retina.
  • Utilized texture motion with continuously changing direction, velocity, and spatial patterns.
  • Analyzed neuronal responses and population activity correlations.

Main Results:

  • Direction-selective cells maintained their preferred direction tuning.
  • Direction encoding became ambiguous due to concurrent luminance changes.
  • Population analysis of direction-selective cells resolved ambiguities, demonstrating synergistic motion decoding.
  • Positive response correlations between cells amplified synergistic effects.

Conclusions:

  • Correlated neural activity in populations of direction-selective cells enhances feature extraction.
  • Population coding strategies are crucial for decoding complex visual scenes.
  • Retinal circuits employ sophisticated mechanisms for robust feature representation.