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Related Concept Videos

Aggregates Classification01:29

Aggregates Classification

1.0K
Aggregate classification is generally based on its size, petrographic characteristics, weight, and source. Size classification ranges from coarse to fine aggregates, defined by the size of the particles. Coarse aggregates are particles that do not pass through ASTM sieve No. 4, and aggregates that pass through the sieve are fine aggregates.
Petrographic classification groups aggregates based on common mineralogical characteristics. Some of the common mineral groups found in aggregates are...
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Bonding and Strength of Aggregate01:12

Bonding and Strength of Aggregate

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The bond between aggregate particles and the cement matrix is significantly influenced by the shape and surface texture of the aggregates. High-strength concretes benefit from a rougher texture, which leads to stronger bonding due to greater adhesion. Angular aggregates with larger surface areas also enhance this bond. The bonding quality, however, is complex to assess as no universally accepted test exists. Good bonding is indicated when a crushed concrete specimen shows some aggregate...
493
Specific Gravity of Aggregate01:19

Specific Gravity of Aggregate

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Aggregates typically contain pores, which can be either permeable or impermeable. Considering the pores in the aggregates, the specific gravity of aggregates is defined in three different forms, namely, bulk or gross specific gravity, apparent specific gravity, and absolute specific gravity.
Bulk or gross specific gravity is calculated by taking the ratio of the mass of aggregates in the saturated surface-dry state to the total volume that includes both the solids and the voids within the...
812
Bulk Density of Aggregate01:22

Bulk Density of Aggregate

1.2K
Bulk density refers to the mass of aggregate particles that would fill a unit volume. The concept of bulk density originates from the inability to pack aggregate particles in a manner that completely eliminates void spaces. Hence, the term bulk refers to the volume that encompasses both the aggregates and the voids. This measurement is crucial when aggregates are batched by volume and is used to convert quantities by mass to volume.
Most natural mineral aggregates, like sand and gravel,...
1.2K
Toughness and Hardness of Aggregate01:22

Toughness and Hardness of Aggregate

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Toughness and hardness are critical properties of aggregate materials used in concrete, particularly on pavement surfaces and industrial flooring subjected to heavy loads. Toughness is defined as the aggregate's resistance to failure by impact and is measured by the aggregate impact value (AIV). For this, the aggregate impact value test is performed, wherein the impact is delivered by a standard hammer, which falls freely under its own weight onto the aggregates. The aggregates fragment in...
617
Porosity and Absorption of Aggregate01:20

Porosity and Absorption of Aggregate

785
Aggregates contain pores of varying sizes; while some are completely enclosed within the particles, others open onto the surface, allowing water to penetrate. The porosity of aggregates is a major factor contributing to the overall porosity of concrete, given that aggregates constitute about three-quarters of concrete's volume.
When all pores in an aggregate are filled with water, the aggregate is considered saturated and surface-dry. If left in dry air, water will evaporate until the...
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Related Experiment Video

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4D Imaging of Protein Aggregation in Live Cells
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Capturing Aβ42 aggregation in the cell.

Francesco Bemporad1, Cristina Cecchi1, Fabrizio Chiti1

  • 1Section of Biochemistry, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy.

The Journal of Biological Chemistry
|February 3, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High-resolution imaging reveals how the Arctic mutation accelerates amyloid-beta 42 (Aβ42) protein aggregation in cells. This study visualizes distinct, sequential Aβ42 morphologies, aiding the study of amyloid diseases.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Protein aggregation is central to neurodegenerative diseases.
  • Amyloid-beta 42 (Aβ42) aggregation is implicated in Alzheimer's disease.
  • Understanding aggregation mechanisms requires in vivo visualization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of the Arctic mutation on Aβ42 aggregation dynamics in living cells.
  • To characterize the distinct morphologies of Aβ42 aggregates formed sequentially.
  • To establish a novel imaging approach for studying amyloid protein processing.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized advanced, high-resolution live-cell imaging techniques.
  • Monitored the real-time self-assembly and aggregation of Aβ42.
  • Introduced the Arctic mutation to study its effect on aggregation kinetics.

Main Results:

  • Observed accelerated Aβ42 aggregation induced by the Arctic mutation.
  • Identified and documented distinct, sequential aggregate morphologies.
  • Demonstrated the feasibility of visualizing protein deposition in living cells.

Conclusions:

  • The Arctic mutation significantly alters Aβ42 aggregation pathways.
  • Novel imaging provides insights into mutation-specific effects on amyloid processing.
  • This methodology can differentiate impacts of mutations on aggregation propensity and mechanisms.